In 845, Æðelwulf gave pasture to Badonoð for his cattle with the king’s beasts, apparently in the pastures of the town of Canterbury[159]. In 855, the same king gave his thane Dun a tenement in Rochester, together with two waggon-loads of wood from the king’s forest, and common in the marsh[160]. In 839 he licensed for Dudda two waggons to the common wood, probably Blean[161]; in 772, Offa granted lands to Abbot Æðelnoð, and added a perpetual right of pasture and masting in the royal wood, together with licence for one goat to go with the royal flock in the forest of Sænling[162]. Numerous other examples are supplied by the charters, which may be classed under the following heads: first, royal forests, as Sænling, Blean, Andred and the like, called _silvae regales_, and in which the king granted timber, common of mast and pasture or estovers: secondly, forest appertaining to cities and communities (ceasterwara-weald, burhwara-weald, _silva communis_), in which the king granted commons: thirdly, small woods, appurtenant to and part of estates, but not named, and the enjoyment of which is conveyed in the general terms of the grant, as _terram cum communibus utilitatibus, pascuis, pratis, silvis, piscariis_, etc.: lastly, private forests or commons of forest specially named as appurtenant to particular estates, or given by favour of the king to the tenant of those estates. To all these heads ample references will be found in the note below[163]. His right to deal at pleasure with the _silvae regales_ requires no particular notice, but the grants of pasture and timber in the forests of cities and communities[164] can only be explained by the assumption of a paramount royalty in the Crown. And that this was exercised in the private forests of monasteries, also appears from exemptions sometimes purchased by them. In 706, Æðelweard of the Hwiccas consented to confine his right of pasture to one herd of swine, and that only in years when mast was abundant, in the forests belonging to Evesham; and he released them from all claims of princes and officers, except this one of his own[165]. Similarly, with regard to timber, Ecgberht in 835 gave an immunity to Abingdon, against the claim of king or prince, to take large or small wood for his buildings from the forests of the monastery[166]. This right of the king to timber for public purposes was maintained and claimed till the time of the rebellion, and was a fertile source of malversation and extortion[167]. ----- Footnote 159: Cod. Dipl. No. 259. Footnote 160: Cod. Dipl. No. 276. “Et decem carros cum silvo (_sic_) honestos in monte regis, et communionem marisci quae ad illam villam antiquitus cum recto pertinebat.” Footnote 161: Cod. Dipl. No. 241. “Duobusque carris dabo licentiam silfam ad illas secundum antiquam consuetudinem et constituidem (_sic_) in aestate perferendam in commune silfa quod nos saxonicae in geménnisse dicimus.” Footnote 162: