Cod. Dipl. No. 119. “Et ad pascendum porcos et pecora, et iumenta in silva regali aeternaliter perdono; et unius caprae licentiam in silva quae vocatur Saenling ubi meae vadunt.” Footnote 163: Royal forests in which common of pasture, or timber is given by the king. Cod. Dipl. Nos. 77, 107, 108, 201, 207, 234, 239, etc. Civic and common forests in which the king makes similar grants. Cod. Dipl. Nos. 96, 160, 179, 190, 198, 216, 219, etc. Private forests, conveyed in general terms of the grant. Cod. Dipl. Nos. 16, 17, 27, 32, 35, 36, 80, 83, 85, etc. Private forests particularly defined as appurtenant. Cod. Dipl. Nos. 80, 89, 138, 152, 161, 165, 187, 214, etc. Footnote 164: Cod. Dipl. Nos. 47, 86, 96, etc. Footnote 165: Cod. Dipl. No. 56. “Excepto eo, ut si quando in insula eidem ruri pertinente proventus copiosior glandis acciderit, uni solummodo gregi porcorum saginae pastus regi concederetur; et praeter hoc nulli, neque principi, neque praefecto, neque tiranno alicui, pascua constituantur.” This right of the king’s was called _Fearnleswe_: “Et illam terram ... liberabo a pascua porcorum regis quod nominamus Fearnleswe.” Cod. Dipl. No. 277. Footnote 166: Cod. Dipl. No. 236. “Silva quoque omnis quae illi aecclesiae et suburbanis eius suppetit, in omnibus causis sit libera, et non secetur ibi ad regis vel principis aedificia aliqua pars materiae grossi vel gracilis, sed ab omnibus defensa et libera maneat.” Compare Böhm. Reg. Karol. Nos. 387, 1157, 1598. Footnote 167: From a speech of Lord Bacon’s against the abuses of purveyors, it appears that those who were to purvey timber for the king, even as late as the reign of James the First, used to extort money by the threat of felling ornamental trees in the avenues or grounds of mansion-houses. Barrington, Anc. Stat. p. 7, note. ----- STRANGER.—To the king belonged also the protection of all strangers within his realm, and the consequent claim to a portion of their wergyld, and their property in case of death, a _droit d’aubaine_. This was a natural deduction from the principles of a period and a state of society in which every man’s security was founded upon association either with relatives or guildsmen: and as no one could have these in a foreign mark,—the associations being themselves in intimate connection with the territory,—it is obvious that the public authorities alone could exercise any functions in behalf of the solitary chapman. As general conservator of the peace, these necessarily fell to the king; but the duties and advantages which he thus assumed became in turn matter of grant, and were conferred by him upon other public persons or corporations.