V. ORGANIZATION--Relation to state, commune and city 51 1. The state department and its divisions 51 2. Units of organization 53 3. The school board and school committees 56 4. City superintendent (_Inspector_) and ward principles (_Overlaererer_) 60 5. Private citizens a factor 61 6. Financial support of schools 62 VI. BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS 64 1. General character of buildings 64 2. Equipment 64 3. Playgrounds 69 4. Homes for principals and teachers 70 VII. GENERAL FEATURES OF INNER ORGANIZATION 71 1. The teaching staff 71 2. Plan of instruction 72 3. Gymnastics 74 4. Lunches 75 5. School discipline 76 6. Attendance 77 7. Health 77 CHAPTER II TEACHERS I. QUALIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS 79 1. General situation and tendencies 79 2. Special teachers 80 II. TRAINING OF TEACHERS 81 1. Introductory 81 2. Seminaries--establishment and work 83 III. TEACHERS' OFFICIAL TITLES 85 1. In the several schools--significance 85 IV. TEACHERS' TENURE OF OFFICE 86 1. Positions--Permanent and temporary 87 2. Comparisons with conditions in America 89 3. Changes in teaching staff (with tables) 89 V. TEACHERS' SALARIES 91 1. General statement 91 2. Additional benefits 92 3. Schedules (with tables) 94 CHAPTER III COURSES OF STUDY IN STATE SCHOOLS