To bend a course, 38. To bend a topsail by the halyards, 39;--by the buntlines, 40. To bend topgallant sails and royals, 40. To bend a jib, 40. To bend a spanker, 41. To bend a spencer, 41. To unbend a course, 41. To unbend a topsail, 41. To unbend a topgallant sail or royal, 41. To unbend a jib, 41. To send down a topsail or course in a gale of wind, 42. To bend a topsail in a gale of wind, 42. To bend one topsail or course and send down the other at the same time, 42. CHAP. VII.--WORK UPON RIGGING. ROPE, KNOTS, SPLICES, BENDS, HITCHES, 43--53. Yarns, strands, 43. Kinds of rope--cable-laid, hawser-laid, 43. Spunyarn, 44. Worming, parcelling, and service, 44. Short splice, 44. Long splice, 45. Eye splice, 45. Flemish eye, 45. Artificial eye, 46. Cut splice, 46. Grommet, 46. Single and double walls, 46. Matthew Walker, 47. Single and double diamonds, 47. Spritsail sheet knot, 47. Stopper knot, 47. Shroud and French shroud knots, 48. Buoy-rope knot, 48. Turk's head, 48. Two half-hitches, clove hitch, overhand knot, and figure-of-eight, 48. Standing and running bowlines, and bowline upon a bight, 49. Square knot, 49. Timber hitch, rolling hitch, and blackwall hitch, 49. Cat's paw, 50. Sheet bend, fisherman's bend, carrick bend, and bowline bend, 50. Sheep-shank, 50. Selvagee, 50. Marlinspike hitch, 50. To pass a round seizing, 51. Throat seizing, 51. Stopping and nippering, 51. Pointing, 51. Snaking and grafting, 52. Foxes, Spanish foxes, sennit, French sennit, gaskets, 52. To bend a buoy-rope, 52. To pass a shear-lashing, 52. CHAP. VIII.--BLOCKS AND PURCHASES, 53--55. Parts of a block, made and morticed blocks, 53. Bull's-eye, dead-eye, sister-block, 53. Snatch-block, tail-blocks, 54. Tackles--whip, gun-tackle, luff-tackle, luff-upon-luff, runner-tackle, watch-tackle, tail-tackle, and burtons, 54. CHAP. IX.--MAKING AND TAKING IN SAIL, 55--67. To loose a sail, 55. To set a course, 55. To set a topsail, 56. To set a topgallant sail or royal, 56. To set a skysail, 56. To set a jib, flying jib, or fore topmast staysail, 56. To set a spanker, 57. To set a spencer, 57. To take in a course, 57. To take in a topsail, 57. To take in a topgallant sail or royal, 58. To take in a skysail, 58. To take in a jib, 58. To take in a spanker, 58. To furl a royal, 59. To furl a topgallant sail, 60. To furl a topsail or course, 60. To furl a jib, 60. To stow a jib in cloth, 61. To reef a topsail, 61. To reef a course, 62. To turn out reefs, 63. To set a topgallant studdingsail, 63. To take in a topgallant studdingsail, 64. To set a topmast studdingsail, 65. To take in a topmast studdingsail, 66. To set a lower studdingsail, 66. To take in a lower studdingsail, 67. CHAP. X.--GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF WORKING A SHIP, 68--71. Action of the water upon the rudder; headway, sternway, 68. Action of the wind upon the sails; head sails, after sails, 69. Centre of gravity or rotation, 70. Turning a ship to or from the wind, 70.