Bottineau.--The Leaf Hills.--A Ride over the Plain.--The Park Region.--Settlers.--How they kept the Fourth of July.--Chippewa Indians.--Rush Lake.--A Serenade on the Prairie.--German Pioneers.--Otter-Tail Lake 109 CHAPTER VI. ROUND THE CAMP-FIRE. Noon Lunch.--Toasting Pork.--A Montana Dutchman.--Emigrant Trains.--Camping at Night--Wheat of Minnesota.--The State in 1849.--A Word to Young Men.--Boys once more.--Our Last Camp-Fire 123 CHAPTER VII. IN THE FOREST. Down-Easters.--The Eden of Lumbermen.--Country East of the Mississippi.--The Climate of the Forest Region.--White Bear Lake.--Travellers from Duluth.--A Maine Farmer in Minnesota.--Chengwatona.--Pitching of the Mud-Wagon.-- Grindstone.--Kettle River.--Superior 137 CHAPTER VIII. DULUTH. Duluth.--Minnesota Point.--The Projected Breakwater.-- Comparison with the Suez Canal.--The Town.--Period of Navigation.--The Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad. --Transportation.--Elevators.--St. Louis River.--Minnesota Slate Quarry.--An Indian Chief and his Followers.-- Railroad Lands.--Manufacturing Industry.--Terms of the Railroad Company 164 CHAPTER IX. THE MINING REGION. The Apostle Islands.--Bayfield.--The Harbor.--Breakfast with Captain Vaughn.--Ashland.--Big Trout.--Ontonagon.-- Approach to Marquette.--The Harbor.--The Town.--Discovery of Iron Ore.--Mining Companies.--Varieties of Ore.--The Miners.--The Coming Years 169 CHAPTER X. A FAMILIAR TALK. A Talk about the Northwest.--Mr. Blotter.--He wants a Farm.--Government Lands.--Homestead Law of Minnesota.-- Exemption Laws.--The St. Paul and Pacific Railroad.-- Liberal Terms of Payment.--Stock-Raising.--Robbing Mother Earth.--Native Grasses.--Fruit.--Small Grains.-- Productions of the State, 1869.--Schools.--When to Emigrate.--Prospective Development.--The Tide of Emigration 186 CHAPTER XI. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. How Communities grow.--Humboldt.--What I saw in 1846.-- The Pacific Coast.--River-Systems.--Lewis and Clark.-- Jeff Davis.--Charter of the Company.--The Projectors.-- The Line.--From Lake Superior to the Mississippi.--To the Rocky Mountains.--Deer Lodge Pass.--The Western Slope.--Mr. Roberts's Report.--Snow Blockades.-- Elevations.--Power of Locomotives.--Bureau of Emigration.--Portable Houses.--Help to Emigrants.-- The Future 207 THE SEAT OF EMPIRE. CHAPTER I. FROM CHICAGO TO MINNEAPOLIS.