The higher animals possess the same senses as man; and, it may be asked, Why do they not gain a similar knowledge to that which man acquires? We have already said, that the higher animals possess something which cannot but be termed mind, since they have passions and affections, memory, etc., which are qualities of mind, and not of matter. But, then, their mind is not only inferior in degree to that of man, but different in its anatomical construction. Certain animals, moreover, are inferior to others, and among animals of the same species there are different degrees of mental as well as of bodily force. Here, however, we can only generalize. Let it suffice, then, that we adduce for the purpose of illustration an animal with which we are all familiar--a domesticated animal, capable of a high degree of education, and which man has trained to the most various and opposite purposes--we allude to that attached servant of our race, the dog. Let it stand as a type of the higher quadrupeds. That the dog remembers, and even to a certain extent reasons, cannot, we think, be contradicted. A shepherd's dog not only obeys its master's directions, but of its own accord will keep the sheep together, prevent them from wandering out of the right track, search for them when buried in the snow, watch over them at night, and defend them against the incursions of the wolf. The sportsman's dog, when he sees his master take down his fowling-piece, examine the locks, and equip himself for the field, is quite aware of the result of these proceedings, and manifests unequivocal symptoms of pleasure. Dogs, moreover, may be taught to beg, to fetch and carry, to feign themselves dead, and continue motionless until the word of command be given, and to take their part in a scenic representation. There are, indeed, numerous authentic instances on record of dogs having acted with astonishing sagacity, and which prove not only memory, but a train of reasoning carried out with singular precision. In such instances, we cannot say that the animals are instinct-directed, because the actions performed are out of the common course of events, and are only occasional; every dog, under the same circumstances, would not act in anything like the same manner.