The Sequel of Appomattox Textbook Edition ∵ Volume 32 of the Chronicles of America Series Allen Johnson, Editor Assistant Editors Gerhard R. Lomer Charles W. Jefferys The Sequel of Appomattox By Walter Lynwood Fleming A Chronicle Of the Reunion of the States New Haven: Yale University Press Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co. London: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press 1919 Copyright, 1919 by Yale University Press Contents. The Sequel of Appomattox Chapter Chapter Title Page I. The Aftermath of War 1 II. When Freedom Cried Out 34 III. The Work of the Presidents 54 IV. The Wards of the Nation 89 V. The Victory of the Radicals 118 VI. The Rule of the Major Generals 140 VII. The Trial of President Johnson 158 VIII. The Union League of America 174 IX. Church and School 196 X. Carpetbag and Negro Rule 221 XI. The Ku Klux Movement 243 XII. The Changing South 265 XIII. Restoration of Home Rule 282 Bibliographical Note 305 Index 309 THE SEQUEL OF APPOMATTOX ∵ CHAPTER I. The Aftermath of War When the armies of the Union and of the Confederacy were disbanded in 1865, two matters had been settled beyond further dispute: the negro was to be free, and the Union was to be perpetuated. But though slavery and state sovereignty were no longer at issue, there were still many problems which pressed for solution. The huge task of reconstruction must be faced. The nature of the situation required that the measures of reconstruction be first formulated in Washington by the victors and then worked out in the conquered South. Since the success of these policies would depend in a large measure upon their acceptability to both sections of the country, it was expected that the North would be influenced to some extent by the attitude of the Southern people, which in turn would be determined largely by local conditions in the South. The situation in the South at the close of the Civil War is therefore the point at which this narrative of the reconstruction naturally takes its beginning. The surviving Confederate soldiers came straggling back to communities which were now far from being satisfactory dwelling places for civilized people. Everywhere they found missing many of the best of their former neighbors. They found property destroyed, the labor system disorganized, and the inhabitants in many places suffering from want. They found the white people demoralized and sometimes divided among themselves, and the negroes free, bewildered, and disorderly, for organized government had lapsed with the surrender of the Confederate armies.