(§ 17.) This accords with what is stated in one of the aphorisms of Hippocrates: “When in ardent fevers the urine has an oily sediment, it prognosticates death.” The tare-like urine, as it was called from the resemblance of the sediments to the colour of the tare (_ervum ervilia_), but which might be better called the grumous, since, as Actuarius explains, they bear a close resemblance to clots of blood, is said by Theophilus to be indicative of melting of the flesh. The scaly urine derived its name from small substances resembling the husks or hulls of grain in the urine, and in febrile diseases was supposed to indicate great disorder of the general system, but otherwise to be connected with an affection of the bladder. The furfuraceous, which derived its name from the resemblance of the sediments to bran, was also held to be symptomatic of local disease of the bladder, or of constitutional disorder in fever. The gritty, so called from the resemblance of the substances in the water of the urine to large particles of ground grain, was reckoned by all the authorities, from Hippocrates downwards, as a very bad symptom in fevers. Fetid urine was supposed to indicate melting or putrefaction of the body. Actuarius gives a curious account of urine without sediment, which he ascribes to its being attracted to some part of the system which is the seat of inflammation or erysipelas. (v, 5.) The enæorema, or substances in the middle of the urine, are said by Actuarius sometimes to resemble spiders’ webs, sometimes specks of oil like what appears in fat broth when cooled, and at other times hairs, as will be more fully stated elsewhere. The nebulæ, or scum on the urine, is said to put on various appearances, as, for example, that of bullæ or bubbles, of which mention will be made in another place. From a passage in Theophilus (v, 8), it may be inferred that the ancients sometimes applied external heat as a test of the characters of the urine. On the main the differences in the colours of the urine were held to depend on the mixture of bile in the urine, and sometimes, though rarely, of blood.