As a specimen of the doctrines of the Arabians, although, in fact, entirely borrowed from the Greeks, we shall select a few of the observations of Haly Abbas and Alsaharavius. According to Haly, thinness of the urine indicates deficient digestion. Thickness, on the other hand, is the product of excessive digestion, or arises from the presence of pituitous humours in the body. When the sediment is white, it is a favorable symptom; when yellow, it is from yellow bile; when red, it is from a sanguineous plethora and imperfect digestion; and if of long continuance, it must proceed from inflammation of the liver. If, after intense redness, the urine becomes black, it is a most fatal symptom. When the urine is moderately fetid, it is connected with indigestion; but when very fetid, with putrefaction. Alsaharavius delivers the characters of the different kinds of urine in nearly the same terms. He properly cautions the physician not to allow himself to be imposed upon by the colour of the urine, which may sometimes acquire a tinge from the patient’s having taken saffron, cassia-fistula, or the like. Such tricks, he says, are often practised upon water doctors. According to Rhases, it is an unfavorable symptom when the urine does not become turbid in the course of the fever. Yellow urine without sediment is said to be unfavorable. Prosper Alpinus has stated correctly the doctrines of Hippocrates and Galen, but is entirely silent respecting those of Theophilus and Actuarius. (u. a.) Besides the ancient authors referred to by us in this chapter, the works of the following writers _de Urinis_ exist in manuscript, but have never been published: 1, Athenæus, quoted by DuCange (ex Cod. Colbert, 3614); 2, Constantinus Africanus (in Bibl. Cæsarea); 3, Joannes Episcopus (Cod. Reg. 3497); 4, Maximus Planudes and Meletius Monachus (Cod. Reg. 3175); 5, Nicephorus Blemmydes (in Bibl. Cæsarea); 6, Anonymus, &c. (Cod. Colb. 3614 and 4230, et in Bibl. Cæsar.); 7, Piropulus (in Bibl. Corsliniana, 448.) See Fabricii (Bibl. Grac. xiii, 779.) The treatise of Abicianus, noticed by Fabricius, has been published by Ideler. It proves to be a mere compilation from the works of Avicenna. SECT. XV.—ON THE INDICATIONS FROM THE SPUTA.