Ἀντίρρινον or Ἀνάρρινον, Antirrinon, or Anarrinon, _Snapdragon_, has properties resembling those of the bubonium, but weaker, whence you may learn its properties. * * * * * COMMENTARY. Galen writes of this article, _Antirrinum Orontium_, or Calfsnout, as being of no use in medicine. (De Simpl. v.) Dioscorides, also, mentions it only as an amulet and external application. (iv, 131.) It is scarcely noticed by the other authorities. According to Pliny, it is emmenagogue. Serapion has omitted it. Ἄνωνις or Ὤνωνις, Anonis, or Ononis, _Rest-harrow_, has heating powers, especially in its root. Its juice, when drunk with wine, promotes the secretion of urine, is lithontriptic, breaks eschars, and soothes pains of the teeth. * * * * * COMMENTARY. Our author abridges his account of the _Ononis antiquorum_ from Galen. All in fact borrow from Dioscorides, who further mentions of it, that it was sometimes used as a pickle. (iii, 18.) It would appear to be the _Onobes_ of Rhases (Cont. i, 520), who gives the characters of it from Galen. Serapion and Avicenna have omitted it. Modern authorities enumerate it among the five aperient roots. It is only of late years that it has been expelled from our Pharmacopœias. Even yet it is not wholly unknown to our apothecaries. See Gray (Suppl. to Pharmacop. p. 94.) Two species of the _Anonis_, the _antiquorum_ and _spinosa_, occur in the modern Greek Pharmacopœia (p. 119.) Ἀπαρίνη, Lappa, _Cleavers_ (which some call philanthropon, others omphalocarpon), is moderately detergent and desiccative; it also consists of subtile particles. * * * * * COMMENTARY. All the herbalists and best commentators agree that it is the _Galium aparine_. (See Gerarde, Sprengel, and others.) According to Dioscorides a decoction of its leaves is useful to persons bitten by phalangia and vipers, when drunk with wine; an injection of the same into the ears cures earache; and when mixed up with axunge it discusses scrofulous tumours. Galen and the subsequent authorities seem to attach less importance to it. (iii, 94.) We cannot find it in Serapion, Rhases, Avicenna, nor Haly Abbas; but it is treated of by all our older herbalists, and has found a place in many modern pharmacopœias. It is not contained, however, in the modern Greek Pharmacopœia. Ἄπιον, Pyrum, _the Pear_, is unequal as to temperament, consisting partly of terrene and partly of watery matter. When eaten, therefore, it is stomachic, and quenches thirst. When applied as a cataplasm it dries and cools moderately. * * * * * COMMENTARY. Our author copies the characters of the _Pyrus communis_ from Galen and Aëtius. We have treated of it as an article of food in the First Book. Both Dioscorides and Pliny make mention of perry. Dioscorides says, that pears prove prejudicial to hungry persons when eaten. (i, 167.) Ἀπόκυνον or Κυνοκράμβη,