Produced by Tiffany Vergon, Ted Garvin, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. THE SEWERAGE OF SEA COAST TOWNS BY HENRY C. ADAMS CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE FORMATION OF TIDES AND CURRENTS II. OBSERVATIONS OF THE RISE AND FALL OF TIDES III. CURRENT OBSERVATIONS IV. SELECTION OF SITE FOR OUTFALL SEWER. V. VOLUME OF SEWAGE VI. GAUGING FLOW IN SEWERS VII. RAINFALL VIII. STORM WATER IN SEWERS IX. WIND AND WINDMILLS X. THE DESIGN OF SEA OUTFALLS XI ACTION OF SEA WATER ON CEMENT XII. DIVING XIII. THE DISCHARGE OF SEA OUTFALL SEWERS XIV. TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEYING XV. HYDROGRAPHICAL SURVEYING PREFACE. These notes are internal primarily for those engineers who, having a general knowledge of sewerage, are called upon to prepare a scheme for a sea coast town, or are desirous of being able to meet such a call when made. Although many details of the subject have been dealt with separately in other volumes, the writer has a very vivid recollection of the difficulties he experienced in collecting the knowledge he required when he was first called on to prepare such a scheme, particularly with regard to taking and recording current and tidal observations, and it is in the hope that it might be helpful to others in a similar difficulty to have all the information then obtained, and that subsequently gained on other schemes, brought together within a small compass that this book has written. 60, Queen Victoria St, London, E.C. CHAPTER I. THE FORMATION OF TIDES AND CURRENTS. It has often been stated that no two well-designed sewerage schemes are alike, and although this truism is usually applied to inland towns, it applies with far greater force to schemes for coastal towns and towns situated on the banks of our large rivers where the sewage is discharged into tidal waters. The essence of good designing is that every detail shall be carefully thought out with a view to meeting the special conditions of the case to the best advantage, and at the least possible expense, so that the maximum efficiency is combined with the minimum cost. It will therefore be desirable to consider the main conditions governing the design of schemes for sea-coast towns before describing a few typical cases of sea outfalls. Starting with the postulate that it is essential for the sewage to be effectually and permanently disposed of when it is discharged into tidal waters, we find that this result is largely dependent on the nature of the currents, which in their turn depend upon the rise and fall of the tide, caused chiefly by the attraction of the moon, but also to a less extent by the attraction of the sun. The subject of sewage disposal in tidal waters, therefore, divides itself naturally into two parts: first, the consideration of the tides and currents; and, secondly, the design of the works.