IV.—THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL INSTINCTS AND THE MORAL SENSE 63 V.—THE SUPREMACY OF THE MALE 74 PART II _PREHISTORIC SOCIETY_ I.—METHOD OF INVESTIGATION 95 II.—THE RELATIONS OF THE SEXES AMONG EARLY MANKIND 104 III.—THE GENS WOMEN UNDER GENTILE INSTITUTIONS 123 IV.—THE ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE 159 V.—THE MOTHER-RIGHT 203 VI.—THEORIES TO EXPLAIN WIFE-CAPTURE 215 PART III _EARLY HISTORIC SOCIETY_ I.—EARLY HISTORIC SOCIETY FOUNDED ON THE GENS 243 II.—WOMEN IN EARLY HISTORIC TIMES 269 III.—ANCIENT SPARTA 285 IV.—ATHENIAN WOMEN 318 V.—ROMAN LAW, ROMAN WOMEN, AND CHRISTIANITY 347 VI.—THE RENAISSANCE 367 VII.—CONCLUSION 380 INDEX 403 The Sexes in Science and History PART I The Theory of Evolution CHAPTER I DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANISM Sex is not only the basic fact underlying physical life but it is also the fundamental principle involved in the origin and development of religion. Throughout the history of mankind, the God-idea has ever been, male or female, according to the relative importance of the two sex principles in human affairs. Scientists declare that they are now able to trace the development of the two diverging lines of sex-demarcation from the time of their separation, or from the time when these principles were confined within one and the same individual. In order to understand the origin of sex, it becomes necessary to recall, briefly, the theory of the development of life on the earth as set forth by the savants. As science deals only with matter, a mechanical theory of the universe is inevitable. As science is wholly materialistic, it is perfectly consistent in its declaration that the senses and the intellect constitute the only means whereby truth may be discovered. Modern philosophy, on the other hand, which deals less with matter itself than with the causes which underlie the development of matter, affirms that a character has been developed in human beings which in its capacity to discern truth, far transcends the intellect. That character is intuition. But as we are dealing only with scientific observations, philosophical speculations do not here concern us.