It explains, too, the opinion of Eduard von Hartmann (“Philosophie des Unbewussten”--“Philosophy of the Unconscious,” p. 205; Berlin, 1874), that the most powerful passions are not aroused by the most beautiful, but, on the contrary, by the ugliest, individuals. The influence of powerfully developed individuality is, in fact, notably greater than that of physical beauty. The mystic Swedenborg long ago declared that in man woman desired truth, spiritual significance, not beauty alone.[154] Herein we see a suggestion of the fact that true beauty is ultimately spiritual beauty, the expression of the force of will, of poietic activity, and of free personality. [154] “It is by no means rare,” says Lermontoff in “Ein Held unserer Zeit” (“A Hero of our own Time”), “for women to love such men to distraction, and to be unwilling to exchange their hideousness for the beauty of an Endymion.” CHAPTER X THE SOCIAL FORMS OF THE SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP--MARRIAGE “_The individualistic tendency, in the most decisive and characteristic form peculiar to our system of civilization, is most happily represented in the monogamic form of marriage; for here, on the woman’s side also, the development of individuality is gently and imperceptibly accomplished._”--LUDWIG STEIN. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER X The disputed question of sexual promiscuity -- The fact of its existence -- Westermarck’s defective criticism of the doctrine of promiscuity -- Persistence of promiscuity until the present day -- Ethnological proofs of this fact -- The researches of Friedrich S. Krauss -- Marriage an artificial product -- Group-marriage -- A form of limited promiscuity -- Diffusion of group-marriage -- Connexion of polygamy and group-marriage -- The loan and the exchange of wives -- Matriarchy and patriarchy -- Progress from lower to higher social forms of sexual relationship -- Transition from matriarchy to patriarchy -- Formation of the patriarchal family -- Marriage by capture and marriage by purchase -- The bright side of patriarchy -- Patriarchal forms of marriage -- Polygamy and the patriarchal family -- Levitical marriage -- Monogamic marriage -- Coexistence with monogamic marriage of a facultative polygamy -- The conventional lie of marriage -- Hegel’s definition of marriage -- Criticism of this definition -- Combination of the matriarchal and the patriarchal forms of the sexual relationship -- Revival of the idea of matriarchy -- Transformation of the ancient patriarchal form of marriage to freer forms -- Introduction of civil marriage and divorce -- Chief grounds for marriage reform -- Duplex sexual morality -- Its origin -- Criticism thereof -- Relationship between prostitution and the conventional coercive marriage -- Necessity of, and justification for, freer forms of marriage -- Lecky’s views on this subject -- Roman concubinage, and the morganatic marriage -- Significance of the