For example, in a 41-inch Java mare (fig. 1) the height at the withers, as in typical desert Arabs, is 2·7 times the length of the head, and the neck and limbs are relatively as long as in Arabs and other slender-limbed breeds. But while in tropical islands the relative proportion of the various parts of pigmy horses may be maintained, in islands near the Arctic Circle dwarfing may imply undue shortening of the limbs, and that certain parts of the limb are more reduced than others. A striking instance of unequal reduction we have in the Udganger or Nordlands ponies, once common in Bodo, a small island within the Arctic Circle off the coast of Norway. Fig. 2 shows that the limbs of the Bodo ponies were relatively nearly as much dwarfed as in a dachshund, while fig. 3 shows that Iceland ponies of the Nordlands type may closely agree in conformation with Exmoor and other well-built ponies of the Celtic race. Very little is known about the make and size of the horses which first reached Shetland. The evidence as far as it goes indicates that they belonged to small varieties measuring from 11 to 12 hands at the withers. If horses were introduced from Norway during the Norse occupation, the majority of them would in all probability belong to the Nordlands race—_i.e._, the race from which the modern fjordhest is believed to have mainly sprung. Probably unequal dwarfing more or less pronounced took place at a comparatively early period in some of the smaller islands, while in the more fertile parts of the main island, and in the rich island of Fetlar, the reduction in size (as in Java ponies) would be nearly uniform. It is conceivable that some of the unimproved ponies now living in Shetland, and also some of the improved ponies bred and reared far from their ancestral island home, are as well proportioned as members of the Exmoor or Welsh breeds. One must, however, be prepared to find that not a few of the inbred pedigree ponies have undergone unequal dwarfing, one part of the limbs, as in the dachshund, having undergone more reduction than the adjacent parts. _Dwarfing in Shetland Ponies of the Celtic or Riding Type._—That well-proportioned Shetland ponies of the riding or Celtic type still exist is suggested by the measurements of Pamela and certain other fine-limbed pedigree ponies. Pamela (40 inches at the withers, 25 inches from elbow to ground, and 5·25 inches below the knee), in the form and length of the head, length of the limbs and their relation to the height at the withers, very closely agrees with the 41-inch Java pony.