1. THE ARCTIC REGIONS 2. CHART OF SMITH SOUND AND KENNEDY CHANNEL 3. CHART OF PART OF EAST GREENLAND 4. KAISER FRANZ-JOSEF LAND IN 1874 5. CHART OF GREENLAND AND ELLESMERE ISLAND 6. FRANZ-JOSEF LAND 7. CHART OF SVERDRUP’S DISCOVERIES 8. CHART OF NORTHERN PART OF GREENLAND 9. CHART OF NORTH POLAR REGIONS GLOSSARY OF ARCTIC TERMS _Beset_, so enclosed by floating ice as to be unable to navigate. _Bore_, to force through loose or recent ice. _Calf_, detached mass from berg or glacier, rising suddenly to the surface. _Crow’s nest_, a look-out place attached to the topgallant-masthead. _Dock_, an opening in the ice, artificial or natural, offering protection. _Drift ice_, detached ice in motion. _Field ice_, an extensive surface of floating ice. _Floe_, a detached portion of a field. _Hummocks_, ridges of broken ice formed by collision of fields. _Ice-blink_, a peculiar appearance of the atmosphere over distant ice. _Ice-foot_, the ice which adheres to the coast above the ordinary level of the sea. _Lane or lead_, a more or less navigable opening in the ice. _Nip_, the condition of a vessel pressed upon by ice on both sides. _Pack_, a large area of floating masses of ice driven together more or less closely. _Palæocrystic ice_, the name given by Nares to the old ice of the Polar Sea. _Polynia_, a Russian term for an open-water space. _Rue-raddy_, a shoulder-belt to drag by. [Illustration: THE ARCTIC REGIONS] INTRODUCTION “There’s a flag on the mast, and it points to the north, And the north holds the land that I love; I will steer back to northward, the heavenly course Of the winds guiding sure from above.” FRITHJOF’S _Saga_. The North Pole is the centre of the Northern Hemisphere. This hemisphere contains Europe, Asia, North America, and a large part of Africa, yet no human being reached its centre before the eighth year of the twentieth century A.D.