[43] _Charleston Courier_, Dec. 22, 1818. Jervey, Hayne, p. 80. [44] Niles’ Register, Vol. 18, p. 383. [45] American Hist. Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, p. 630. [46] Suppression of Slave Trade, DuBois, p. 124. [47] McCrady, S. C. Under Proprietary Govt. p. 1. [48] Studies American Race Problem, Stone, p. 57. Robert Y. Hayne & His Times, Jervey, p. 114. [49] Grayson, Memoir of James L. Petigru, p. 116. [50] _City Gazette_, Sept. 16, 1820. [51] Ravenel, Life & Times of William Lowndes, p. 154-5. [52] Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne & His Times, p. 112. [53] Benton, Thirty Years View, Vol. 2, p. 188. [54] Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne & His Times, pp. 205-209. Abridgment of Debates of Congress, Vol. 9, p. 303, _et seq._ [55] Calhoun’s Correspondence, p. 368. CHAPTER IV As has been shown, nine years subsequent to his unavailing struggle to restrict the swelling proportions of the Negro population in his own State, Robert Y. Hayne, in the United States Senate, stated his views concerning that class of our population with regard to the entire country. But before discussing that further it should be noted, that a renewed effort in 1822 had again been defeated by the narrow but effective majority of nine votes, drawing from Governor Bennett, of South Carolina the pessimistic declaration: “The evil is entailed and we can do no more than steadily to pursue that course indicated by stern necessity and not less imperious policy.”[56] Along another line, therefore, was the last peaceful effort to be made to solve the Negro Question. Taken in connection with the great industrial work, in which he literally wore out his life, in 1839, Hayne’s speech in the United States Senate in 1827 is most illuminating. Upon that occasion he said: “The history of this country has proved that when the relative proportion of the colored population to the white is greatly diminished, slaves cease to be valuable, and emancipation follows of course, and they are swallowed up in the common mass. Wherever free labor is put in full and successful operation, slave labor ceases to be profitable. It is true that it is a very gradual operation and that it must be, to be successful or desirable.”[57] Was it not the very irony of fate that, as this speaker, later, in 1839, lay dying at Asheville, North Carolina, while a wordy war was being waged over his great railroad to the West, criticism should have been “directed against the contracts given to planters to be executed with slave labor” by the chief lieutenant of that great South Carolinian, who had only the year before, in withdrawing from the enterprise, extolled Negro slaves as “the best substratum of population in the world?” Col. Gadsden, from this time and on, more and more a confidant of Calhoun until they parted over Taylor’s candidacy for the Presidency, asked: