[65] Calhoun’s Correspondence, p. 368. [66] Tocqueville: Democracy in America, Vol. 2, p. 245. [67] Calhoun’s Correspondence, p. 368. [68] Statutes of S. C. Vol. XI, p. 279. [69] Pinckney: Life of Calhoun, p. 161. [70] _Charleston Mercury_, Feb. 15, 1850. [71] Ibid. [72] Chambers: American Slavery & Color, p. 1. [73] Ibid, pp. 1-2. [74] Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne & His Times, p. 366. [75] Chambers; American Slavery & Color, p. 7. [76] _Charleston Mercury_, Jan. 12, 1850. [77] Calhoun’s Correspondence, p. 391. [78] _Charleston Mercury_, Jan. 12, 1850. [79] Pinckney; Life of Calhoun, pp. 167-181. [80] Cleveland; Controversy between Calhoun & Hayne p. 7. [81] Hammond; Oration on Calhoun, Press of Walker & James 1850, C. L. S. Vol. XV p. 23. CHAPTER V The Nullification episode has been generally treated as a struggle between Jackson and Calhoun. In its outward manifestations it was a contest between the President and the State of South Carolina; but in the settlement it really was a struggle between Calhoun and Clay. The position of Henry Clay, in 1833, was one to test to the utmost the powers of that great politician. In the preceding year he had sternly refused Hayne’s amendment to his tariff bill, enacting his own view coupled with a threat of enforcement. He had, however, seen his Act nullified by the State of South Carolina, under the governorship of Hayne, and himself beaten overwhelmingly for the presidency by Jackson, who, while threatening coercion in South Carolina, had nevertheless, made Hayne’s amendment to the tariff the basis of his own recommendation on that subject to Congress. A bill had been introduced in the House, to restore the duties to the scale of 1816. What could Clay do to redeem himself and his cause? Back to the Senate, in Hayne’s vacant seat, was Clay’s “old companion at arms with a practical power of attorney from the recalcitrant State.”[82] Clay at once entered into negotiations with Calhoun himself, introducing a bill in the Senate, to the two principles of which, viz., “that time should be given the manufacturers and that an _ad valorem_ duty should be provided for”, Calhoun assented and the bill was referred to a select committee consisting of: Clay, Clayton, Calhoun, Grundy, Webster, Rives, and Dallas.