Comp. also Ovid. Am. ii.; Eleg. v. 39; Hor. Od. i. 13, v. 2; iv. 10; v. 4; Tibul. Eleg. III, 4; vv. 29, 30. ‏צַח‎, bright, white; compare Lam. iv. 7, where it stands in parallelism with ‏זַךְ‎, clear; from the same passage we also see that the predicates ‏צַח‎, white, and ‏אָדַם‎, red, are not restricted to the countenance, but refer to all the parts of the body which the Oriental costume left exposed, to the carnation as it were of the picture. ‏דָּגוּל‎ denom. from ‏דָּגֶל‎, banner; prop. to be furnished with a banner, i.e. his singular beauty renders him as distinguished above multitudes, just as a standard-bearer is marked above all other soldiers. ‏מִן‎, more, above, vide supra, ver. 9, ‏רְבָבָה‎ indefinitely for a large number, see Gesen. xxiv. 60. 11. His head is as pure gold. That is of consummate excellency. Having characterized his whole person as charming, the Shulamite describes the beauty of the individual parts of his body, and begins with his head. Gold is frequently used, both in Scripture and in profane writers, to denote consummate excellency and beauty. Thus the illustrious personages are called gold and fine gold in Lam. iv. 1; and Theocritus (Idyl. iii. 28.) calls the beautiful Helen golden. The words ‏כֶּתֶם פָּז‎ are variously rendered. The Sept. has χρυσίου καιφάζ, gold of Cephaz, Aquila and Sym. λίθεα τοῦ χρυσίου, so the Syriac ܒܐܦܷܐ ܕܕܰܗܒܳܐ‎, a precious stone of gold. The Chald. has ‏דְהַב טָב‎; so the Vulg. aurum optimum. The Rabbins too vary in their explanations of these words. Ibn Ezra takes ‏כֶּתֶם‎ to be a diadem, and ‏פָּז‎, precious stones. Rashi indefinitely ‏סגולת מלכים‎, choice things, which kings treasure up. Rashbam explains ‏כָּתֶם‎ by a heap of gold, and ‏פָּז‎ by ‏זהב מופז‎, and says it is called ‏פָּז‎, “because its colour is like pearl.” The majority of modern commentators, after the Sept., Vulg., Chald., take ‏כֶּתֶם‎ as a poetical expression for gold, and derive it from ‏כָּתַם‎, to hide, to conceal; like ‏סְגוֹר‎, gold (Job. xxviii. 15), from ‏סָגַר‎, to shut up, to conceal, because precious metals are generally kept shut up or concealed. This meaning and derivation of the word are supported by the fact that treasures and precious things are generally expressed in Hebrew by words whose roots signify to conceal; comp. ‏אוֹצָר‎, a treasure (1 Kings vii. 51; xiv. 26), from ‏אָצַר‎, to shut up; ‏מַטְמוֹן‎, a treasure, gold (Isa. liv. 2; Prov. ii. 4), from ‏טָמַן‎, to hide; ‏צָפוּן‎, riches (Job xx. 26), from ‏צָפַן‎, to conceal. As for ‏פָּז‎, it is translated by some purified, pure, from ‏פָּזַז‎, to separate, to purify (Gesenius, &c.); and by others solid, massy, from ‏פָּזַז‎, to be strong, solid (Rosenmüller, &c.). But ‏פָּז‎ never occurs as an adjective to ‏כֶּתֶם‎, or to ‏זָהָב‎ (‏זָהָב מוּפָז‎, 1 Kings x. 18, is a contraction of ‏זָהָב מְאוּפָז‎, comp. Jer. x. 9); the word itself invariably means gold (see Job xxvii. 17; Ps. xix. 11; xxi. 4; cxix. 27; Prov. viii. 19; Cant. v. 15; Isa. xiii.