In this externality to the human lies the reason that Shintoism and
Buddhism can agree so well, and can both join with Confucianism in
helping to form that happy family of faith which is so singular a
feature of Far Eastern religious capability. It is not simply that the
two contrive to live peaceably together; they are actually both of them
implicitly believed by the same individual. Millions of Japanese
are good Buddhists and good Shintoists at the same time. That such a
combination should be possible is due to the essential difference in the
character of the two beliefs. The one is extrinsic, the other intrinsic,
in its relations to the human soul. Shintoism tells man but little about
himself and his hereafter; Buddhism, little but about himself and
what he may become. In examining Far Eastern religion, therefore, for
personality, or the reverse, we may dismiss Shintoism as having no
particular bearing upon the subject. The only effect it has is indirect
in furthering the natural propensity of these people to an adoration of
nature.
In Korea and in China, again, Confucianism is the great moral law, as by
reflection it is to a certain extent in Japan. But that in its turn
may be omitted in the present argument; inasmuch as Confucius taught
confessedly and designedly only a system of morals, and religiously
abstained from pronouncing any opinion whatever upon the character or
the career of the human soul.
Taouism, the third great religion of China, resembles Shintoism to this
extent, that it is a body of superstition, and not a form of philosophy.
It undertakes to provide nostrums for spiritual ills, but is dumb as to
the constitution of the soul for which it professes to prescribe.
Its pills are to be swallowed unquestioningly by the patient, and are
warranted to cure; and owing to the two great human frailties, fear
and credulity, its practice is very large. Possessing, however, no
philosophic diploma, it is without the pale of the present discussion.
The demon-worship of Korea is a mild form of the same thing with the
hierarchy left out, every man there being his own spiritual adviser.
An ordinary Korean is born with an innate belief in malevolent spirits,
whom he accordingly propitiates from time to time. One of nobler birth
propitiates only the spirits of his own ancestors.
We come, then, by a process of elimination to a consideration of
Buddhism, the great philosophic faith of the whole Far East.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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