Agassiz, Louis, 306 Agricultural methods, 338, 394, 406, 467 Alagoas, 309, 355, 405 Albuquerque, Jeronymo de, 343, 345, 354, 355 Alcacer-Kibir, battle of, 322, 342 Alvarengo Peixoto, poet, 399 Alvarengo, Silva, poet, 399 Alvear, General Carlos, leader in Buenos Aires, 96, 102; exiled, 103; in battle of Ituzaingo, 120, 261, 429; Montevideo surrenders to, 255 Amazon, the, estuary discovered, 301; extent navigable, 308; explored, 344, 371; settlements along, 374; Upper, 382, 392 Amazonas, state of, 405, 490 Anchieta, Padre, 329, 336 Anti-foreign sentiment among Creoles, in Argentina, 34, 86, 267; in Uruguay, 267; in Brazil, 396, 417, 423, 426, 432, 433, 439, 442, 455 Araguaya River, 310, 392 Arawak Indians, 300 Architecture, 341 Argentina, 37-161; settlement of, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 32, 43; rainfall in, 40; agriculture and grazing in, 40, 43; climate in, 41; area of, 43; prosperity of, 45, 144, 148; exports of, 49, 148, 159; population of, 79, 131, 143, 147, 185; national colours of, 90, independence of, 90, 96, 100, 104; revolt of May 25, 1810, 90, 188, 252, 407; federalism in, 94, 115, 130, 132, 136, 138, 148, 255; proposals to make it a monarchy, 104; civil wars in, 115 _et seq._; war with Brazil, 120, 129, 260, 427, 428, 462; constitution of, 134, 137, 138; industrial development in, 141, 160; war with Paraguay, 141, 142, 189, 200, 206-219, 276, 471; finances of, 149-153, 156, 157, 160; war with Chile threatened, 156; war with Uruguay, 255, 267 Arroyo Grande, battle of, 268 Artigas, Jose, 92, 105, 252-258, 407, 408 Assassinations, 277, 281, 379, 508 Asuncion, 22, 33; founded, 25, 165; way opened to, 143; in possession of Brazil, 475 Audiencia, of Charcas, 16, 53, 61, 176; of Buenos Aires, 84 Ayohuma, battle of, 97 Azores, 8, 292, 346, 387, 412 B Bahia (city), early settlement of Brazil, 320; military and naval post, 322; population, 324; industries, 324, 393; growth, 347; captured by the Dutch, 351; captured by the Portuguese, 352; place of refuge, 355; siege of, 357; held by Portuguese, 358, 418; guerrillas obtain arms in, 362; ecclesiastical capital, 399; reception of the Prince Regent, 404; deposes governor, 412, 436; garrison re-enforced, 419; expulsion of Portuguese garrison from, 420 Bahia (province), position, 310; Jesuits in, 328; population, 338; cattle-raisers of, 372; insurrections in, 375; gold-fields in, 391; attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator," 425; separatist movement in, 444 Balboa, Nunez de, 12 Basques, 4, 5, 26, 30 Beckman's rebellion, 375