Buenos Aires (province), division of Argentina, 34; independent, 61; Indians exiled to, 63; intendencia, 75, 79 C Cabeza de Vaca, 26 Cabildos, in Buenos Aires, 32, 90; organisation and functions, 53-56; nationality of members, 57; influence of, 78, 119; in Montevideo, 252 Cabot, Sebastian, 22, 165, 233, 317 Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 295 Cacao, 78 Cagancha, battle of, 268 Calabar (guerrilla chief), 355, 356 Calchaquie Indians, 63 Callao, 49 Camarrao (guerrilla chief), 355, 362 Campos (city), 347 Campos Salles, Manoel Ferraz de, 488, 508-510 Canary Islands, 7, 8, 242, 292, 329 Cape Horn, 48 Cape Verde Islands, 8, 292 Captaincies, 53, 319 Cardenas, Bishop of Paraguay, 182 Carib Indians, 300 Caseros, battle of, 129, 271, 463 Castilhos, Julio de, 502 Catamarca, 15, 63, 154 Cattle industry, in Argentina, 17, 29, 40, 71, 131, 148; in Uruguay, 238, 268, 273; in Brazil, 310, 371-373, 390, 393, 406 Caudillos, 116, 119, 138, 144, 255 Caxias, Marshal, 143, 218, 452, 453, 475 Cayenne, 407 Ceara, location, 309; settlement in, 345; Dutch control of, 357; devastated, 363; separated from Brazil, 371; surplus of cattle in, 373; decline of cattle business in, 393; adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator," 425; anarchy in, 438 Cerrito, battle of, 254 Chacabuco, battle of, 108 Chaco, the, 37, 58, 213, 237; plains of, 166, 186; matter of arbitration, 222 Charles IV. of Spain, 86 Charrua Indians, 71, 235, 244, 247, 265 Chile, 15, 42, 78, 100, 110 Cholera in Brazilian army, 216 Cisplatine Province, 258, 408 City life, taste for, 56 Claudio (poet), 399 Cochrane, Thomas, Admiral, 111, 420, 425 Coelho, Duarte, 319, 328 Coffee, productiveness, 306, 313; districts of cultivation of, 310, 312, 313, 406; increased production of, 448, 458, 466, 479, 489, 509; plantation companies, 501; trade affected by rise of currency, 511 Colombia, 434 Colonia de Sacramento, founded, 68, 240, 376; held by Portuguese, 70, 72, 234, 240; taken by Spaniards, 77, 246, 388, 389; port, 230; attacked, 245 Colonial governors, corruption of, 56, 64, 65, 393 Colonial trade, restrictions on, imposed, 48, 49, 63; evil effects of, 49, 52; how enforced, 50, 65, 71; removed, 78, 88, 404; among colonies, 82; of Brazil with Portugal, 287, 336, 342, 373, 393 Colorados, 126, 129, 266, 272 _et seq._ Columbus, Christopher, 8 Commercial routes to Pacific, 21, 47, 48 Concepcion (Argentina), 116 "Confederation of the Equator," 425 Constant, Benjamin, General, 492, 495-497 Contraband trade, in Argentina, 51, 52, 63-66, 69, 75; at Colonia, 240, 377; and Thomas de Souza, 329; in Brazil, 347, 373, 394 Copper, 78 Copper-pan amalgamation process, 16