_BRAZIL_ I. PORTUGAL 287 II. DISCOVERY 295 III. DESCRIPTION 305 IV. EARLY COLONISATION 316 V. THE JESUITS 326 VI. FRENCH OCCUPATION OF RIO 333 VII. EXPANSION 342 VIII. THE DUTCH CONQUEST 350 IX. EXPULSION OF THE DUTCH 361 X. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 371 XI. GOLD DISCOVERIES--REVOLTS--FRENCH ATTACKS 378 XII. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 386 XIII. THE PORTUGUESE COURT IN RIO 401 XIV. INDEPENDENCE 411 XV. REIGN OF PEDRO I. 421 XVI. THE REGENCY 436 XVII. PEDRO II. 449 XVIII. EVENTS OF 1849 TO 1864 458 XIX. THE PARAGUAYAN WAR 468 XX. REPUBLICANISM AND EMANCIPATION 478 XXI. THE REVOLUTION--THE DICTATORSHIP--THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC 492 INDEX 513 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE CAPE HORN _Frontispiece_ _From a steel engraving._ FERDINAND, KING OF SPAIN 6 _Redrawn from an old print._ FRANCISCO PIZARRO 9 _From Montain's "America."_ THE AUTHENTIC PORTRAIT OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 11 MINING SCENE 16 _Redrawn from Gottfriedt's "Neue Welt."_ A YOUNG GAUCHO 28 _From a lithograph._ FOREST SCENE IN ARGENTINA 39 _From a steel print._ DOCKS AT BUENOS AIRES 44 AN OLD SPANISH CORNER IN BUENOS AIRES 76 MANUEL BELGRANO 95 _From an oil painting._ GENERAL SAN MARTIN 99 _From a steel engraving._ PLAZA DE MAYO AND CATHEDRAL AT BUENOS AIRES 113 _From a lithograph._ BUENOS AIRES IN 1845 127 _From a steel engraving._