Bolivia (Upper Peru), 235-281; description of 235, 236; Inca conquest of, 13, 18, 236, 238; military roads in, 36, 239, 244, 251; Spanish conquest of, 36, 239, 248, 250; Inca cities in, 44, 59; capital of, 44; precious metals found in, 44, 238-242, 245-247; railroads in, 54, 277, 279, 280; audiencia established in, 67, 250 (_see also_ Charcas); the battleground of war of independence, 76, 77, 86, 97, 255 _et seq._, 268; republic of, created, 99, 267, 268; Bolivar the Father of, 99, 266, 267; named, 99, 268; first president of, 99, 268-270; constitutions of, 99, 268, 270, 273, 278, 322; the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, 101-103, 105, 197, 270-273, 281; boundary treaty of, with Chile, 117, 281; at war with Chile, 118, 271, 272, 281; secret treaty of, with Peru, 118; nitrate territory of, 211, 278; early civilisation of, 236, 239, 249; rainfall in, 236; fertility of, 238; population of, 239, 244, 269; character of population of, 239, 260, 269, 272, 273, 357; Spanish cities in, 241, 242, 249; cattle-raising in, 242, 243, 248; Spanish colonial system in, 243, 245, 249; taxation in, 243, 269, 270, 276; missions established in, 245, 279; printing-press, in, 245; battles in, 257-260, 264-266, 272, 273, 281; sturdy spirit of patriots in, 258-262, etc.; commerce of, 267, 272, 281; period of civil war and anarchy in, 272 _et seq._; slavery abolished in, 273; greatest silver producing country of the world, 277, 278; rubber production of, 278-280; without seaports, 278, 280, 281; treaty of, with Brazil, 280; international position of, 281 Bonaparte, Joseph, 311, 312, 360 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 77, 159, 311, 365, 435 Borrero, Antonio, President of Ecuador, 339 Bourbon dynasty, the, 70, 154, 250 Boves, organises troop of llaneros, 368, 369; death of, 370 Boyaca River, the, 378; battle of, 86, 256, 317, 378, 441 Boyaca, state of, 467 Brazil, treaty of, with Bolivia, 280; loyalty of, 337 Brown, Admiral William, 78 Buccaneers, 69, 70, 150 Buenaventura, 49 Buenos Aires, viceroyalty of, 67, 71, 155, 251, 257; smuggling in, 71, 152, 251; revolutionary junta in, 76, 160, 161, 438; pampas of, 78, 149; importance of, 156, 158 Bunes, General, 198, 199 C Cabildos, in Bogota, 431; in Bolivia, 249; in Chile, 160, 161; in Ecuador, 313; in Venezuela, 360, 361, 385 Cacao, native to South America, 66, 238, 303 Cacao industry in Colombia, 428; in Ecuador, 303, 328, 332, 341; in Venezuela, 352, 390, 395 Caceres, President of Peru, 126-131 Cacha, the last Cara shiri, 292, 294 Caciques, 64, 243, 244, 248 Cadiz, 70, 361, 380, 443; monopoly, the, 152, 352 Cajamarca, 17, 20, 21, 29, 31 Calabozo, 368, 375 Caldas, Colombian scientist, 438 Calderon, Garcia, 126