New Granada, captain-general of, subject to viceroy of Peru, 67; viceroyalty of, created, 71, 308, 312, 426; jurisdiction of, 420; revolutionary junta installed in, 76; war of independence in, 86, 98, 101, 261, 312, 317, 318, 320, 322, 326, 370, 435, 442; provinces in Colombian confederation, 376, 443; opposition to Bolivar's government in, 385, 387; recognises independence of Venezuela and Ecuador, 388, 452; name of, extended to presidency of Bogota, 419; influence of first president of, 452, 454; army of, 452, 458; constitution of 1832, 452, 455, 457; name of, changed, 458, 459, 461. _See also_ Colombia. "New Laws," the, 51, 54, 57, 59 Nicaragua, 27, 403; Canal, 485 Nicuesa, Diego de, 404, 405 Nieto, Dictator of Peru, 102 Nitrates, 113, 114, 117, 277; extent of region, 117, 206; taxed, 118, 211 Noboa, Diego, 334 Nombre de Dios founded, 405 "Nudos," 4, 8, 287, 291, 292 Nunez, Rafael, President of Colombia, 468; political ideas of, 478-480; death of, 481 O Oats, 66 Obando, General, President of New Granada, 452, 454, 457, 458 Ocana (city), captured, 366, 433; national assembly held at, 385, 448; founded, 420; battle near, 437 Ocumare, 359, 372 O'Higgins, Ambrose, career of, 156, 158 O'Higgins, Bernardo, gallantry of, 164; saves Santiago, 166; defeated, 167; dictator, 171, 173, 181, 182, 190; resignation of, 191 Ojeda, Alonso de, explorations of, 22, 403; names Venezuela, 347, 348 Olaneta, renegade Argentine, 91; death of, 97, 263-265 Olives, 66, 159, 352 Opon River, the, 410 Oranges, 66 Oratorio, battle of, 460 Orbegoso, Dictator of Peru, 102-105 Ordonez, General, 171 O'Reilly, General, 81 Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, 44, 300; refounds Guayaquil, 299 Orinoco, River, the, 78, 348, 355, 356, 374, 377, 442; plains, 354, 367, 424, 441; valley, 442 Orton River, the, 279 Oruro, silver mines of, 242, 249, 266, 277 Osorio, General, re-establishes Spanish authority in Chile, 167, 168; defeated by San Martin, 174, 176-181 Osorno, founded, 143; besieged, 145, 146 Ospina, President of New Granada, 459-461 Otavalo, capture of, 293, 294 P Pacamdre Indians, the, 293 Pachacutec, _See_ Yupanqui. Pacheco, President of Bolivia, 278 Pacific Ocean, the, discovery of, 22, 404, 405 Padilla, patriot leader, 258, 260 Paez, Jose Antonio, patriot leader, 79, 371, 372, 375, 377, 380, 381, 385, 387; Dictator and President of Venezuela, 389-391, 447, 450 Paillamachu, Araucanian chief, 144-146 Paita (city), 28 Paita (province), 285, 288, 289 Pampas, 78, 99, 149 Pampas River, the, 94 Pamplona, revolutionary junta in, 431 Pamplona (province), 349, 366, 411, 416, 419, 437