Panama (city), founded, 22, 23-25, 298, 341, 412; Pizarro sends to, for aid, 39; pan-American Congress at, 323 Panama Canal, the, 470-472, 482, 485-489 Panama, Gulf of, 27 Panama hats, manufacture of, 342 Panama, Isthmus of (province), 22, 23, 27, 69, 352, 404, 405, 417, 419, 420, 429, 432, 470 Panama (province), audiencia of, 420, 426; joins Colombian confederation, 443; rebels against Colombia, 454 Panama railway, the, 455, 480, 484, 488; receipts from, 464, 470 Panama, State of, 461, 463,466, 469, 470; Colombian misrule in, 471, 478, 480, 481, 487; declares independence, 471, 488; republic of, recognised, 471, 488; neutrality and free transit guaranteed to, by treaty of 1846, 480, 487, 488; insurrections in, 484; provisional government in, 488; canal treaty with United States, 488, 489 Pando, Jose Manuel, President of Bolivia, 280 Paraguay, 67, 71, 248, 357 Paraguay River, the, 280 Parana River, the, 249 Pardo, Don Manuel, first civilian President of Peru, 114, 116; aristocratic party founded by, 131 Parra, President of Colombia, 466 Pasco, 92 Pasto (city) founded, 409, 413 Pasto (province), 49, 312, 314, 316, 324; part of presidency of Quito, 326, 327, 420; high tableland of, 409, 414, 424, 454; loyal to Spain, 432-434, 442, 444; rebellion in, 451 Paul, Rojas, 396 Paya Pass, the, 377 Peaches, 66 Pearl fisheries, 348 "Pelucones," 192 Peons, impressment of, 394-396 Perez, President of Chile, 202, 206 Perez, Santiago, President of Colombia, 466