Peru, early inhabitants of, 3, 4, 357; antiquity of civilisation in, 3; fertility of, 4, 8, 41, 44, 80; climate of, 4, 285; Inca empire established in, 5-20, 296; system of irrigation in, 5, 6, 10; copper mines of, 8, 117; military roads in, 9, 10, 12, 28, 33, 36, 38, 59; battles in, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 39, 43, 50, 56, 78, 88, 92, 93, 96, 97, 101, 105, 107, 110, 124, 125, 213, 272, 324; Inca cities of, 20, 59, 60; Spanish conquest of, 20-40, 58, 67, 297; mineral wealth of, 24, 25, 27, 32, 36, 53, 65, 66, 69, 109, 113, 114, 116, 127, 128; extent of, 28, 41, 44, 58, 67, 71; Spanish cities in, 36, 44, 59, 60; Indian rebellions in, 38, 72, 77; governors of, 44, 49, 50, 52; viceroyalty of, _see_ Lima; viceroys of, 50-52, 58, 60-63, 70, 72, 74, 78-80, 82, 84, 261, 301, 304, 308; slavery prohibited in, 50, 57, 111; industrial development of, 53, 108, 111, 113, 114, 127-129, 132; revenue to Spain from, 53, 60, 64-66, 69, 77; civil wars in, 57, 99-103, 106-108, 110, 113, 127; Spanish colonial system established in, 61-66; taxation in, 64, 66, 69, 109; population of, 65; university in, 67; Spanish language in, 68; religious conditions in, 68, 69, 132; discovery of virtues of quinine, 70; earthquakes in, 71; Jesuits expelled from, 71; creoles of, 72, 74, 76, 77, 84, 110, 123, 130; revolutionary spirit in, 72-76, 81, 82; navy of, 78, 101, 104, 109, 118, 197, 325; war of independence in, 80-97, 185, 186, 261, 316; Spaniards evacuate capital of, 84; proclaimed a republic, 85; financial conditions in, 89, 110, 114, 115, 130, 132; congress of, 98, 99; Bolivar, Dictator of, 98, 322, 447; Bolivarian constitution imposed on, 99, 322; revolts from Bolivar's government, 99-101, 270, 323, 324, 448; state of anarchy in, 101-103; further constitutions of, 102, 111; at war with Chile, 104, 119-125, 190, 197, 198; capital of, captured by Chileans, 125, 126, 212, 213; at war with Bolivia, 104, 273; treaty of peace with Bolivia, 105; commerce in, 108; railways in, 109, 113, 122, 128; debt of, 109, 114, 128; insurrections in, 110, 113, 114, 116, 123, 130-132; immigration into, encouraged, 111; treaty of alliance with Chile, against Spain, 112; naval battles of, 112, 119-121, 212; at war with Spain, 112, 203, 204, 337; revenue from nitrates, 113, 114; first civilian president of, 114; guano deposits of, 116, 127, 128; currency of, 116; treaty of alliance with Bolivia, 118, 119; nitrate region owned by, 117, 119, 121, 122, 212; loses nitrate province, 123, 125; losses of, in Chilean war, 125, 127; mediation of United States between Chile and, 125; treaty of peace with Chile, 127; reorganisation of, 128; British creditors of, 128; rubber industry in, 129;