[Footnote 124: Under the Articles of Confederation the Congress of the United States was required to "publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military operations as in their judgment require secrecy." Art. IX.] [Footnote 125: The Revolutionary constitutions of New York and Pennsylvania provided that the doors of the legislature should be kept open at all times for the admission of the public except when the welfare of the state should demand secrecy.] [Footnote 126: Cf. Ford, The Rise and Growth of American Politics, p. 63.] [Footnote 127: Quoted from Article on Reporting in Encyclopedia Brittanica.] [Footnote 128: Vol. XIV, p. 62. See also Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons, Vol. I, pp. 590-596.] [Footnote 129: Greene, The Provincial Governor, pp. 198-199.] [Footnote 130: Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 6th ed., pp. 514-516.] [Footnote 131: Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maryland.] [Footnote 132: Art. V.] [Footnote 133: Elliot's Debates, Vol. I, p. 181 and Vol. V, p. 132.] [Footnote 134: Constitutional History of the United States, Vol. I, p. 79.] [Footnote 135: No. 46.] [Footnote 136: No. 45.] [Footnote 137: Von Holst, Vol. I, p. 88.] [Footnote 138: Ford's Ed. Jefferson's Works, Vol. VII, p. 301.] [Footnote 139: Works, Vol. I, p. 169.] [Footnote 140: Works, Vol. I, p. 242.] [Footnote 141: Sept., 24, 1789. U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. I.] [Footnote 142: Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government, p. 4.] [Footnote 143: Art. I, Sec. 4.] [Footnote 144: The states of Maine, Oregon and Vermont still elect their representatives to Congress before the general November election. Maine holds her election on the second Monday in September, Oregon on the first Monday in June and Vermont on the first Tuesday in September next preceding the general November election.] [Footnote 145: John F. Shafroth, When Congress Should Convene; North Am. Rev., Vol. 164. The writer of this article makes the common but erroneous assumption that the fundamental principle of our government is majority rule. From the standpoint of democracy, however, his argument is unassailable.] [Footnote 146: A modification of this check on public opinion has been incorporated in the charter of one of our new Western cities. In Spokane, Washington, one-half of the councilmen take their seats immediately after the regular municipal election, and the other half, though elected at the same time, do not enter upon the discharge of their duties until one year later.] [Footnote 147: Art. I, Sec. 2.] [Footnote 148: The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, Ch. 15.] [Footnote 149: The American Commonwealth, Vol. I, Ch. 15.] [Footnote 150: The Conduct of Business in Congress, North Am. Rev., Vol. CXXVIII, p. 121.] [Footnote 151: _Ibid._, p. 122.] [Footnote 152: For instances of the exercise of this power see Follett, The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Ch. IX.]