[Footnote 153: Senator Hoar's Article.] [Footnote 154: Boutmy, Studies in Constitutional Law, pp. 98-99.] [Footnote 155: Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, Vol. I, p. 20.] [Footnote 156: _Federalist_, No. 10.] [Footnote 157: For a discussion of the causes of present-day corruption, see an article by Professor Edward A. Ross in _The Independent_, July 19, 1906, on "Political Decay: An Interpretation."] [Footnote 158: In the enabling acts for the admission of Nebraska and Nevada (1864), Colorado (1875), North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington (1889), and Utah (1896), we find the provision that the state constitution shall not be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States and the principles of the Declaration of Independence.] [Footnote 159: See Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. VI, p. 469.] [Footnote 160: Goodnow, Municipal Home Rule, p. 20.] [Footnote 161: Municipal Problems, p. 9.] [Footnote 162: Goodnow, Municipal Home Rule, p. 23.] [Footnote 163: Goodnow, Municipal Home Rule, pp. 24-26.] [Footnote 164: Tacoma Gas and Electric Light Co. v. Tacoma, 14 Wash.] [Footnote 165: The employment of the special fund device for municipal ownership purposes has been upheld by the Supreme Court of Washington. See Winston v. Spokane, 12 Wash. 524, and Faulkner v. Seattle, 19 Wash. 320.] [Footnote 166: Const., Art. I, sec. 2 and Art. II, sec. 1.] [Footnote 167: Abstract of the Twelfth Census, p. 133.] [Footnote 168: Constitution of Colorado, Art. X, Sec. 3.] [Footnote 169: These figures concerning municipally owned waterworks as well as those in the following paragraph relating to electric light plants, are based on the data contained in the Fourteenth Annual Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Labor on Water, Gas and Electric Light Plants.] [Footnote 170: Water, Gas and Electric Light Plants, 1899.] [Footnote 171: Abstract of the Twelfth Census, p. 133.] [Footnote 172: Ibid, p. 28.] [Footnote 173: Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 6th ed., p. 282, n.] [Footnote 174: The Shame of the Cities, p. 5.] [Footnote 175: Bryce, Vol. I, p. 663.] [Footnote 176: Willoughby, The Nature of the State, p. 416.] [Footnote 177: Pol. Sci. and Const. Law, Vol. I, p. 197.] [Footnote 178: Ford's ed. of _The Federalist_, Introduction, p. xiii.] [Footnote 179: Boutmy, Studies in Constitutional Law, p. 155.] [Footnote 180: Principles of Sociology, Vol. III, p. 525.]