[Footnote 197: Pure Sociology, p. 487.] [Footnote 198: "The art of printing, in the hands of private persons, has, until within a comparatively recent period, been regarded rather as an instrument of mischief, which required the restraining hand of the government, than as a power for good, to be fostered and encouraged.... The government assumed to itself the right to determine what might or might not be published; and censors were appointed without whose permission it was criminal to publish a book or paper upon any subject. Through all the changes of government, this censorship was continued until after the Revolution of 1688, and there are no instances in English history of more cruel and relentless persecution than for the publication of books which now would pass unnoticed by the authorities.... "So late as 1671, Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, expressed his thankfulness that neither free schools nor printing were introduced in the Colony, and his trust that these breeders of disobedience, heresy, and sects, would long be unknown.... "For publishing the laws of one session in Virginia, in 1682, the printer was arrested and put under bonds until the King's pleasure could be known, and the King's pleasure was declared that no printing should be allowed in the Colony. There were not wanting instances of the public burning of books as offenders against good order. Such was the fate of Elliot's book in defense of unmixed principles of popular freedom, and Calef's book against Cotton Mather, which was given to the flames at Cambridge." Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 6th ed., pp. 513-515.] [Footnote 199: Aristocracy and Evolution, p. 58.] [Footnote 200: Ibid. p. 377.] [Footnote 201: Social Evolution, p. 39.] [Footnote 202: Aristocracy and Evolution, p. 105.] [Footnote 203: Ibid p. 218.] [Footnote 204: Ibid p. 219.] [Footnote 205: Principles of Biology, Vol. I, p. 469.] [Footnote 206: Aristocracy and Evolution, p. 105.] [Footnote 207: Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Book I, Ch. 2.] [Footnote 208: Supra, chapters XI and XII.] [Footnote 209: P. 534.] INDEX Alien and sedition laws, 166. Amendment, Articles of Confederation, 57; Australia, 62; England, 62; France, 62; Revolutionary state constitutions, 59; state constitutions after 1787, 235; Switzerland, 63; checks on undemocratic, 63. See Constitution of the United States. American colonies, government of, 12. American government, aristocratic, 79, 103, 126. See Checks and Balances, Constitution of the United States, House of Representatives, President, Senate, Supreme Court. American revolution, change in the spirit of, 13; results of, 27. Anarchism. See Checks and Balances. Articles of Confederation, democratic tendency of, 25, 57; weakness of, 23. Baldwin, Simeon E., on the source of the Constitution, 28. Bank of North America, repeal of the charter of, 321.