more efficient system of coöperating labor, the division of labor in the workshops, in order to crown man as the ruler of natural forces, as king of the planet. Slavery of antiquity and of modern capitalism was once necessary; now it has become superfluous. According to the story, every free citizen of Athens disposed of five human slaves; but we have supplied to our fellow citizens of modern society a vast mass of enslaved power, slaves of steel, that do not suffer in creating values. Since then we have ripened toward a civilization as much higher than the civilization of the time of Pericles, as the population, power and riches of the modern communities exceeds those of the tiny state of Athens. Athens was doomed to dissolution--by reason of slavery as an economic institution, by reason of the political means. Having once entered that pathway, there was no outlet except death to the population. Our path will lead to life. The same conclusion is found by either the historical-philosophical view, which took into account the tendency of the _development of the state_, or the study of political economy, which regards the tendency of _economic development_; viz., that the economic means wins along the whole line, while the political means disappears from the life of society, in that one of its creations, which is most ancient and most tenacious of life; capitalism decays with large landed estates and ground rentals. This has been the path of suffering and of salvation of humanity, its Golgotha and its resurrection into an eternal kingdom--from war to peace, from the hostile splitting up of the hordes to the peaceful unity of mankind, from brutality to humanity, from the exploiting State of robbery to the Freemen’s Citizenship. NOTES [1] “History is unable to demonstrate any one people, wherein the first traces of division of labor and of agriculture do not coincide with such agricultural exploitations, wherein the efforts of labor were not apportioned to one and the fruits of labor were not appropriated by some one else, wherein, in other words, the division of labor had not developed itself as the subjection of one set under the others.”--Robertus-Jagetzow, _Illumination on the social question_, second edition. Berlin, 1890, p. 124. (Cf. _Immigration and Labor. The economic aspects of European Immigration to the United States_, by Dr. Isaac A. Hourwich. Putnam’s, N. Y., 1912.--_Translator._) [2] Achelis, _Die Ekstase in ihrer kulturellen Bedeutung_, vol. 1 of _Kulturprobleme der Gegenwart_, Berlin, 1902. [3] Grosse, _Formen der Familie_. Freiburg and Leipzig, 1896, p. 39. [4] Ratzel, _Völkerkunde_. Second Edition. Leipzig and Wien, 1894-5, II, p. 372. [5] _Die Soziale Verfassung des Inkareichs._ Stuttgart, 1896, p. 51. [6] _Siedlung und Agrarwesen der Westgermanen, etc._ Berlin, 1895, I, p. 273. [7] l. c. I, p. 138. [8] Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 702. [9] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 555. [10] Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 555.