Improved Efficiency of Marine Engines 482 Iron Steam Vessels 483 Steam Navigation to India 484 CHAP. XIV. AMERICAN STEAM NAVIGATION. Steam Navigation first established in America 487 Circumstances which led to it 488 Attempts of Fitch and Rumsey to apply the single-acting Engine to the Propulsion of Vessels 489 Stevens of Hoboken commences Experiments in Steam Navigation 489 Experiments of Livingstone and Fulton 489 Fulton's first Boat 490 The Hudson navigated by Steam 491 Extension and Improvement of River Navigation 492 American Steamers 494 Difference between them and European Steamers 494 Steamers on the Hudson 494 American Paddle-wheels 495 Sea-going American Steamers 496 Speed attained by American Steamers 497 Lake Steamers 499 The Mississippi and its Tributaries 499 Steam-boats navigating it 500 Their Structure and Machinery 500 New Orleans Harbour 503 Steam Tugs 503 APPENDIX. _On the Relation between the Temperature, Pressure, and_ _Density of Common Steam._ Empirical Formula of Biot, showing the Relation between the Pressure and Temperature 505 Empirical formula of Southern 506 Tredgold 506 Mellet 506 De Pambour 506 MM. Dulong and Arago 506 Law of the Expansion of elastic Fluids, discovered by Dalton and Gay Lussac 506 Formula for the Relation between the Volumes and Temperatures 507 Law of Mariotte 507 Table of Pressures, Temperatures, Volumes, and Mechanical Effects of Steam 509 Empirical Formulæ for the Relation between the Volume of Water and that of the Steam produced by its Evaporation under given Pressures 511 Formula of Navier 511 Modified by De Pambour 511 _On the Expansive Action of Steam._ Mechanical Effect produced during a given Extent of Expansion 511 Mechanical Effect produced during Evaporation and subsequent Expansion 512 Application to double-acting Engines 513 Formula for Pressure of Steam in Cylinders 514