In the earlier engines constructed by Watt, this was accomplished by four valves, which were opened and closed in pairs. Valve boxes were placed at the top and bottom of the cylinder, each of which communicated by tubes both with the steam-pipe from the boiler and the condenser. Each valve-box accordingly contained two valves, one to admit steam from the steam-pipe to the cylinder, and the other to allow that steam to pass into the condenser. Thus each valve-box contained a steam valve and an exhausting valve. The valves at the top of the cylinder are called the _upper steam valve_ and the _upper exhausting-valve_, and those at the bottom, the _lower steam valve_ and the _lower exhausting-valve_. In fig. 15. A´ is the upper steam valve, which, when open, admits steam above the piston; B´ is the upper exhausting-valve, which, when open, draws off the steam from the piston to the condenser. C´ is the lower steam valve, which admits steam below the piston; and D´, the lower exhausting-valve, which draws off the steam from below the piston to the condenser. Now, suppose the piston to be at the top of the cylinder, the cylinder below it being filled with steam, which has just pressed it up. Let the _upper steam valve_ A´, and the _lower exhausting-valve_ D´ be opened, and the other two valves closed. The steam which fills the cylinder below the piston will immediately pass through the valve D´ into the condenser, and a vacuum will be produced below the piston. At the same time, steam is admitted from the steam-pipe through the valve A´ above the piston, and its pressure will force the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. On the arrival of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder, the upper steam valve A´, and lower exhausting-valve D´, are closed; and the lower steam valve C´, and upper exhausting-valve B´ are opened. The steam which fills the cylinder above the piston now passes off through B´ into the condenser, and leaves a vacuum above the piston. At the same time, steam from the boiler is admitted through the lower steam valve C´, below the piston, so that it will press the piston to the top of the cylinder; and so the process is continued. It appears, therefore, that the upper steam valve, and the lower exhausting-valve, must be opened together, on the arrival of the piston at the top of the cylinder. To effect this, one lever, E´, is made to communicate by jointed rods with both these valves, and this lever is moved by a pin placed on the piston-rod of the air-pump; and such a position may be given to this pin as to produce the desired effect exactly at the proper moment of time. In like manner, another lever, F´, communicates by jointed rods with the upper exhausting valve and lower steam valve, so as to open them and close them together; and this lever, in like manner, is worked by a pin on the piston-rod of the air-pump.