with increased force, and the water will rise in the tube T. The weight F will therefore be lifted, and the plate D will descend, stop the draught, mitigate the fire, and check the production of steam; and it will continue so to do, until the production of steam becomes exactly equal to the demands of the engine. If, on the other hand, the production of steam be not equal to the wants of the machine, either because of the increased load, or the insufficiency of the fire, the steam in the boiler losing its elasticity, the surface of the water rises, not sustaining a pressure sufficient to keep it at its wonted level. Therefore, the surface in the tube T falls, and the weight F falls, and the plate D rises. The draught is thus increased, by opening the flue, and the fire rendered more intense; and thus the production of steam is stimulated, until it is sufficiently rapid for the purposes of the engine. This apparatus is called the _self-acting damper_. (72.) It has been proposed to connect this damper with the safety-valve invented by the Chevalier Edelcrantz. A small brass cylinder is fixed to the boiler, and is fitted with a piston which moves in it, without much friction, and nearly steam-tight. The cylinder is closed at top, having a hole through which the piston-rod plays; so that the piston is thus prevented from being blown out of the cylinder by the steam. The side of the cylinder is pierced with small holes opening into the air, and placed at short distances above each other. Let the piston be loaded with a weight proportional to the pressure of the steam intended to be produced. When the steam has acquired a sufficient elasticity, the piston will be lifted, and steam will escape through the first hole. If the production of steam be not too rapid, and that its pressure be not increasing, the piston will remain suspended in this manner: but if it increase, the piston will be raised above the second hole, and it will continue to rise until the escape of the steam through the holes is sufficient to render the weight of the piston a counterpoise for the steam. This safety valve is particularly well adapted to cases where steam of an exactly uniform pressure is required; for the pressure must necessarily be always equal to the weight on the piston. Thus, suppose the section of the piston be equal to a square inch; if it be loaded with 10 lbs., including its own weight, the steam which will sustain it in any position in the cylinder, whether near the bottom or top, must always be exactly equal in pressure to 10 lbs. per inch. In this respect it resembles the quality already explained in the governor, and renders the pressure of the steam uniform, exactly in the same manner as the governor renders the velocity of the engine uniform. (73.) The economy of fuel depends, in a great degree, on the construction of the furnace, independently of the effects of the arrangements we have already described.