The grate or fire-place of an ordinary furnace is placed under the boiler; and the atmospheric air passing through the ignited fuel, supplies sufficient oxygen to support a large volume of flame, which is carried by the draught into a flue, which circulates twice or oftener round the boiler, and in immediate contact with it, and finally issues into the chimney. Through this flue the flame circulates, so as to act on every part of the boiler near which the flue passes; and it is frequently not until it passes into the chimney, and sometimes not until it leaves the chimney, that it ceases to exist in the state of flame. The dense black smoke which is observed to issue from the chimneys of furnaces is formed of a quantity of unconsumed fuel, and may be therefore considered as so much fuel wasted. Besides this, in large manufacturing towns, where a great number of furnaces are employed, it is found that the quantity of smoke which thus becomes diffused through the atmosphere, renders it pernicious to the health, and destructive to the comforts of the inhabitants. These circumstances have directed the attention of engineers to the discovery of means whereby this smoke or wasted fuel may be consumed for the use of the engine itself, or for whatever use the furnace may be applied to. The most usual method of accomplishing this is by so arranging matters that fuel in a state of high combustion, and, therefore, producing no smoke, shall be always kept on that part of the grate which is nearest to the mouth of the flue (and which we shall call the back); by this means the smoke which arises from the imperfectly ignited fuel which is nearer to the front of the grate must pass over the surface of the red fuel, before it enters the flue, and is thereby ignited, and passes in a state of flame into the flue. A passage called the _feeding-mouth_ leads to the front of the grate, and both this passage and the grate are generally inclined at a small angle to the horizon, in order to facilitate the advance of the fuel according as its combustion proceeds.