THE STOICS. CHAPTER III. HISTORY OF THE STOICS UNTIL THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. A. Zeno 36 B. Pupils of Zeno 40 1. Cleanthes 40 2. Aristo and Herillus 41 3. Other pupils 43 C. Chrysippus and the later Stoics 45 1. Chrysippus 45 2. Later Stoics 48 CHAPTER IV. AUTHORITIES FOR THE STOIC PHILOSOPHY; ITS PROBLEM AND DIVISIONS. A. Authorities 53 1. Review of authorities 53 2. Use to be made of authorities 55 B. Problem proposed to the Stoic philosophy 56 1. Its practical character 56 2. Necessity for intellectual knowledge 58 3. Attitude towards logic and natural science of Aristo— of Zeno and Cleanthes 59 C. Divisions of philosophy 66 1. Threefold division 67 2. Relative importance of each part 68 CHAPTER V. LOGIC OF THE STOICS. A. General remarks 70 1. Field of Logic 70 2. Words and thoughts 73 B. Theory of knowledge 75 1. General character of this theory 75 2. Prominent points in the theory—perceptions— conceptions—standards of truth 77 C. Formal logic 92 1. Utterance in general 92 2. Incomplete expression—words—the categories 94 3. Complete utterance—judgment—inference—fallacies 110 D. Estimate of Stoic logic 123 1. Its shortcomings 123 2. Its value 123 CHAPTER VI. THE STUDY OF NATURE: 1. FUNDAMENTAL POSITIONS.