that which presents itself in sensation as a particular. [151] More
importance was attached by them to another point—the greater certainty
which belongs to thought than to sensation. All the definitions given
above point to the immovable strength of conviction as the distinctive
feature of knowledge; [152] and of like import is the language
attributed to Zeno, [153] comparing simple sensation with an extended
finger, assent, as being the first activity of the power of judgment,
with a closed hand, conception with the fist, and knowledge with one
fist firmly grasped by the other. According to this view, the whole
difference between the four processes is one of degree, and depends on
the greater or less strength of conviction, on the mental exertion and
tension. [154] It is not an absolute difference in kind, but a relative
difference, a gradual shading off of one into the other.
[(d) The standard of truth.]
[(α) Practical need of such a standard.]
From these considerations it follows that in the last resort only a
relative distinction is left whereby the truth of notions may be
tested. Even the general argument for the possibility of knowledge
starts with the Stoics by practically taking something for granted.
Without failing to urge intellectual objections—and often most
pertinent ones [155]—against Scepticism, as was indeed natural,
particularly since the time of Chrysippus, [156] the Stoics
nevertheless specially took up their stand on one point, which was
this, that, unless the knowledge of truth were possible, it would be
impossible to act on fixed principles and convictions. [157] Thus, as a
last bulwark against doubt, practical needs are appealed to.
[(β) Irresistible perceptions the standard of truth.]
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