The highest conception of all was apparently by the older Stoics
declared to be the conception of Being. Since, however, speaking
strictly, only what is material can be said to have any being, and many
of our notions refer to incorporeal and therefore unreal objects, the
conception of Something [178] was in later times put in the place of
the conception of Being. This indefinite Something comprehends alike
what is material and what is not material—in other words, what has
being and what has not being; and the Stoics appear to have made this
contrast the basis of a real division of things. [179] When it becomes
a question, however, of formal elementary conceptions or categories,
other points are emphasised which have no connection with the division
into things material and things not material. Of this kind are the four
highest conceptions, [180]—all subordinate to the conception of
Something, viz. subject-matter or substance (τὸ ὑποκείμενον) property
or form (τὸ ποιὸν), variety (τὸ πὼς ἔχον), and variety of relation (τὸ
πρός τί πως ἔχον). [181]
[(β) Category of subject-matter or substance.]
The first of these categories [182] denotes the subject-matter of
things in themselves (τὸ ὑποκείμενον), the material of which they are
made, irrespective of any and every quality, [183] the something which
underlies all definite being, and which alone has a substantial value.
[184] Following Aristotle, the Stoics distinguish, [185] in this
category of matter, between matter in general, or universal matter, and
the particular matter or material out of which individual things are
made. The former alone is incapable of being increased or diminished.
Far otherwise is the material of which particular things are made. This
can be increased and diminished, and, indeed, is ever undergoing
change; so much so, that the only feature which continues the same
during the whole term of its existence [186] and constitutes its
identity, is its quality.
[(γ) The category of property.]
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