The existence of physical evil gave the Stoics little trouble, since
they refused to regard it as an evil at all, as will be seen in
treating of their ethical system. It was enough for them to refer evils
of this kind—diseases, for instance—to natural causes, and to regard
them as the inevitable consequences of causes framed by nature to serve
a definite purpose. [416] Still, they did not fail to point out that
many things only become evil by a perverted use, [417] and that other
things, ordinarily regarded as evils, are of the greatest value. [418]
[(b) Existence of moral evil]
Greater difficulty was found by the Stoics to beset the attempt to
justify the existence of moral evil, and the difficulty was enhanced in
their case by the prevalence and intensity of moral evil in the world
[419] according to their view. By their theory of necessity they were
prevented from shifting the responsibility for moral evil from natural
law or deity on to man, which is one way out of the difficulty. In not
altogether eschewing this course, and yet refusing to allow to deity
any participation in evil, and referring evil to the free will and
intention of man, [420] they acted as other systems of necessity have
done before, [421] reserving the final word. The real solution which
they gave to the difficulty is to be found partly in the assertion that
even the deity is not able to keep human nature free from faults, [422]
and partly in the consideration that the existence of evil is
necessary, as a counterpart and supplement to good, [423] and that, in
the long run, evil will be turned by the deity into good. [424]
[(c) Connection between virtue and happiness.]
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