The stone age in North America, vol. 1 of 2Moorehead, Warren K. (Warren King)
History
The stone age in North America, vol. 1 of 2
Moorehead, Warren K. (Warren King)
Indians of North America -- Antiquities; Stone age -- North America
Some years ago, Dr. J. F. Snyder coined the term “bicave,” or “twice
hollowed,” as applying to these. He contended that the term “discoidal”
was meaningless. I have always adopted his new word, and those who have
not liked it have not offered convincing reasons for disregarding the
term. It is possible for Latin scholars to coin many concise words to
describe certain objects, and these words would convey precise meaning.
This is done in palæontology, geology, and all other branches of
science, and there is no reason why it should not be followed in
archæology. The arguments to the contrary savor of pedantry.
Dr. Snyder’s term does not fit any other stone object, although Mr.
McGuire, Professor Holmes, and others have all discussed these bicaves
under the term “discoidals.”
There are many flat, thin discs of both stone and clay found throughout
the United States. These could not be called bicaves, because they are
not twice hollowed. But they mark the beginning of that form.
Of these discs, especially numerous in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio and
along the Ohio River, there are three kinds: simple discs, discs with
slightly depressed centres, and ornamented discs. The bicaves themselves
are alike in outline, having depressed centres. But there are great
differences in the depressions.
In the centre of Fig. 388 is a large disc of black slate around which is
a well-defined rim. This form is rare. To the right of this specimen is
a large quartzite bicave with a more extended rim. In Fig. 389 are four
typical quartz and quartzite bicaves of general type.
Certain specimens in Figs. 389 and 391 have a second small but prominent
depression exactly in the centre. Usually about this depression is a
little rim.
Fig. 392 is a photogravure plate from the collection of Mr. F. P. Graves
of Doe Run, Missouri.
Here we have all of the discs and bicaves present. In the lower row is a
large polished disc with flat base, which is not concave on either side.
To the left of it, one in which the concavity is slightly marked. The
others range from this type to those that are perforated through the
centre. In Fig. 390, Colonel Young’s collection, there is a bicave of
unusual form, being high instead of broad, with slight concavities, yet
having the central depression clearly indicated. These have been called
“chunky” stones by those who have written regarding the famous Southern
game played by various Indians in the South and which has been described
so frequently that I dismiss it with the statement that round discs
similar to those illustrated in this chapter were rolled along the
ground and a spear or lance shot after them, and the stone when it fell
over on the side was supposed to be transfixed by one of these
projectiles. Or, the nearness of a projectile to the hole in the stone
counted in various ways. There is an early historical reference to this
game cited in the Conclusions, Volume II.
[Illustration:
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