During the process of manufacture of implements of flint the first forms would scarcely fit into a classification based on complete forms or types; therefore I have decided to begin a description of chipped objects with a chapter on methods of quarrying and manufacture. The quarries from which we know aboriginal man in the United States obtained material for his knives and projectile points number perhaps twenty. There may be small isolated sites, but the following were the chief sources of material:— [Illustration: FIG. 28. Indirect percussion, as practiced by the Wintuns and also described by B. B. Redding. In addition to this, Figs. 26, 32, 33, and 34 are from the _American Anthropologist_, vol. II, 1891—W. H. Holmes’s paper. ] Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. The jasper quarries on the Susquehanna and Delaware. Those of Indian Territory, Missouri, and Illinois. Near Coshocton, Ohio. Near Allentown, Pennsylvania. The obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone Park. Piney Branch, in the District of Columbia. Southwestern New Mexico. Little River, Tennessee. (See Fig. 1.) Wyoming and California quarries. (See Bibliography for others.) [Illustration: FIG. 29. Indirect percussion. Two persons being concerned. Practiced by the Apaches, according to George Catlin. ] Flint, chert, chalcedony, jasper, quartz, argillite, and other materials of flint-like character occurred in regular veins, or in nodules or in ordinary boulders or pebbles in the drift. Aboriginal man, therefore, mined in a quarry or he dug in the drift, or he picked up from the surface, or he worked in a limestone stratum to extract the nodular flint. He sought in any one of these places according to his locality and character of the material and its position. At Flint Ridge, the largest flint quarries in the United States, there is a hill or ridge, nearly eight miles in length and varying from a few hundred yards to as much as three miles in width, which is literally filled with depressions varying from small pits to one nearly a hundred feet in diameter and twenty or more feet in depth at the present time. The flint from this quarry is distributed throughout Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, portions of Pennsylvania, and even west of the Mississippi. The amount of work done at Flint Ridge by the aborigines passes comprehension. When one considers their primitive methods of quarrying, it is surprising that they were able to quarry such hard material as flint. Without the use of fire, which they had to apply very carefully, first placing a coating of clay over the flint, they would have been unable to remove any considerable portion of the material. The Flint Ridge chalcedony is beautifully colored, red, blue, cream color, pink, and pure white. It is easily chipped, and was highly prized by the natives.