Conclusions as to celts, adzes, gouges, and axes 322 XVIII. GROUND STONE—PROBLEMATICAL FORMS 329 The gorget and ornaments as seen by early explorers 329 XIX. GROUND STONE—PROBLEMATICAL FORMS 362 The gorgets 362 Broken and worked gorgets 362 XX. GROUND STONE 376 Winged problematical forms 376 XXI. GROUND STONE—PROBLEMATICAL FORMS 402 Pick and crescent, the boat-shaped, bar-forms, etc. 402 Bars and bar-amulets 402 Conclusions as to gorgets, winged objects, etc. 410 XXII. GROUND STONE—PROBLEMATICAL FORMS 418 The spud-shaped implement 418 Classification 420 XXIII. GROUND STONE—PROBLEMATICAL FORMS 431 Plummet-shaped stones: stone rings 431 XXIV. GROUND STONE—PROBLEMATICAL FORMS 443 Bicaves, or discoidal stones, tubes, etc. 443 Tubular forms 453 THE STONE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA CHAPTER I WHY A CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ARCHÆOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ALONE IS NEEDED In 1907 the Smithsonian Institution published a remarkable work entitled “Handbook of American Indians.”[1] This volume was the result of years of labor on the part of about forty-five contributors. Had the “Handbook of American Indians” treated of Stone-Age man as extensively as it has dealt with modern tribes, historical occurrences, and arts and customs, there would be no occasion for “The Stone Age.” Indeed it would be presumptuous for one to offer the public “The Stone Age,” did the “Handbook of American Indians” take up prehistoric cultures in complete detail. It is no more than right that this word of explanation be presented, in order that my purpose in writing “The Stone Age” may be made clear, as well as that the difference between the two works should be emphasized. There is room for both publications, and I particularly recommend the “Handbook of American Indians” to students and librarians, for it serves an admirable purpose in bringing into reasonable compass everything relating to Indian tribes, languages, arts, and customs. But it must also be known that “The Stone Age” is a very different work from the “Handbook of American Indians.” [Illustration: FIG. 1. A ledge in which are flint nodules. Johnson’s farm, near Herndon, Tennessee. ]