_These specimens are part of a deposit of forty-six and vary from eight to twenty-two inches in length. The longest one in Fig. 161 is twenty inches. All of them exhibit unusual skill in their manufacture._ [Illustration: FIG. 162. _The same as Fig. 161._ ] [Illustration: FIG. 163. (_S. about 1–3._) _Chipped axes and hoes. F. P. Graves’s collection, Doe Run, Missouri._ ] CHAPTER IX AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS According to our classification, we should place under our first division, “Chipped objects, without Stem,” all the spades and agricultural implements except those that are stemmed, or notched. Some of the Pennsylvania roughly chipped hoes might be considered as stemmed. But the chipped hoes of the Mississippi Valley are simply angular spades to which have been added notches by the aborigines. I have, therefore, thought best to describe them all under the general title of agricultural implements. [Illustration: FIG. 164. (S. 1–3.) These specimens were found in Illinois and made of Mill Creek, Illinois, material. H. M. Whelpley’s collection, St. Louis, Missouri. ] It is quite likely that some of them are ceremonial in character rather than mere agricultural tools; for one cannot conceive that the fine work on the lower specimens in Fig. 167 is indicative of use as a common digging-tool. [Illustration: FIG. 165. (S. 1–6.) Typical oval spades. Missouri Historical Society collection. ] A classification of agricultural implements would be, it seems to me:— (a) Notched, flint or stone digging-tools. (See Figs. 163, 164.) (b) Oval spades. (See Fig. 165.) (c) Increasing diameter towards digging-end. (See Fig. 166 and several in 168.) (d) Flaring or convex or angular digging-end. (See Figs. 167, 170.) Objects of the general shape of those shown in Fig. 182 are scattered throughout a considerable portion of the United States. Of course, some of the notched, chipped objects may be axes instead of hoes or agricultural implements, and I have illustrated such in Figs. 173 to 177. But there are roughly notched and shouldered objects which may be hoes instead of axes. These are not necessarily all flint, for some are of shell, limestone, and other materials. Fig. 163 is a group of six from Mr. F. P. Graves’s collection, Doe Run, Missouri. Three of them are certainly digging-tools, whereas the other three may be axes. [Illustration: FIG. 166. (S. 1–5.) Collection of Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Missouri. ] In Fig. 164 are shown notched or shouldered hoes of more primitive type than the hoes in Fig. 166. Many of these, together with rough spades, are found in Missouri, Arkansas, and Illinois. The beautifully chipped flint spade is the exception. But there are a large number of spades which are graceful in outline and well made, and which are typified in the exhibits from the Missouri Historical Society shown in Fig. 165.