_Oval and other spades, from the collection of F. P. Graves, Doe Run, Missouri._ ] [Illustration: FIG. 169. (S. 1–3.) Shouldered hoes. Large hoe measures 9½ inches in length. Material: yellow chert. B. H. Young’s collection, Louisville, Kentucky. ] Mr. Charles E. Brown, Chief of the Wisconsin Historical Society Museum at Madison, reports upon flint spades as follows:— [Illustration: FIG. 170. (S. 1–4.) This is a surface find, from near Edwardsville, Madison County, Illinois. Material: chert, straw color. Collection of H. M. Braun, East St. Louis, Illinois. ] “A small number of these have been found in Wisconsin, specimens being recovered as far north as Green Lake and Sheboygan counties. Most are oval or elliptical in outline, and are made of the same quality of flint as are the fine agricultural implements of the middle Mississippi Valley. It is likely that they were introduced through aboriginal trade relations with tribes located in that region. One of the largest measures thirteen and three fourths inches in length. A few spades are manufactured of materials procurable in Wisconsin. In the collections of the State Historical Museum is a fine example made of brown quartzite. “Several notched flint hoes have also been found in southern Wisconsin. They are made of local flint, but are patterned after those of the middle Mississippi Valley.” It is curious that no spades have been found in Southern Indiana and Ohio. [Illustration: FIG. 171. (S. 1–4.) These beautiful spades and the hoe are from the Mississippi “Bottoms,” near the Cahokia mound. Note the concave base in the hoe, and the squared stem. Very few such hoes are found. Material: straw-colored, cherty flint. H. M. Braun’s collection, East St. Louis, Illinois. ] CHAPTER X FLINT CELTS AND AXES Closely related to hoes and spades are the flint celts, and occasionally a chipped flint object notched on either side, which may have served as an axe. Flint axes are sometimes found east of the Mississippi, but they are more common in Missouri, Arkansas, and Kansas. The ones from the site of Harahey and Quivira are rude, being flint turtlebacks or rejects notched on either side, but those from Wisconsin and a few from the South are better made and evince some skill in their manufacture. [Illustration: FIG. 172. (S. 1–2.) A notched axe from the collection of A. M. Brooking, Trumbull, Nebraska. These notched axes are frequently found west of the Mississippi River in various portions of Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Arkansas. ]