Rationalism, its influence on art, i. 23. Realization, how far allowable in noble art, iii. 182, 186. Recesses, decoration of, i. 278. Recumbent statues, iii. 72. Redundance, an element of Gothic, ii. 206. Religion, its influence on Venetian policy, i. 6; how far aided by pictorial art, ii. 104, 109; contempt of, in Renaissance times, iii. 122. Renaissance architecture, nature of, iii. 33; early, iii. 1; Byzantine, iii. 15; Roman, iii. 32; Grotesque, iii. 112; inconsistencies of, iii. 42, etc. Reptiles, how used in ornamentation, i. 230. Resistance, line of, in arches, i. 126. Restraint, ornamental, value of, i. 255. Reverence, how ennobling to humanity, ii. 163. Rhetoric, a base study, iii. 106. Rigidity, an element of Gothic, ii. 203. Rivers, symbolical representation of, i. 419, 420. Rocks, use of, in ornamentation, i. 224; organization of, i. 246; curvatures of, i. 58, 224. Roll-mouldings, decoration of, i. 276. Romance, modern errors of, ii. 4; how connected with dress, iii. 192. Romanesque style, i. 15, 19, 145; ii. 215. See "Byzantine," and "Renaissance." Romanism. See "Popery." Roofs, analysis of, i. 46, 148; ii. 212, 216; domed, i. 149; Swiss, i. 149, 345; steepness of, conducive to Gothic character, i. 151, ii. 209; decoration of, i. 343. Rustication, is ugly and foolish, i. 65; natural objects of which it produces a resemblance, i. 296. S Salvia, its leaf applied to architecture, i. 287, 306. Sarcophagi, Renaissance treatment of, iii. 90; ancient, iii. 69, 93. Satellitic shafts, i. 95. Satire in Grotesque art, iii. 126, 145. Savageness, the first element of Gothic, ii. 155; in Grotesque art, iii. 159. Science opposed to art, iii. 36. Sculpture, proper treatment of, i. 216, &c. Sea, symbolical representations of, i. 352, 421; natural waves of, i. 351. Sensualism in art, its nature and definition, ii. 189; how redeemed by color, ii. 145. Serapeum at Memphis, cusps of, ii. 220. Sermons, proper manner of regarding them, ii. 22; mode of their delivery in Scotch church, ii. 381. Serrar del Consiglio, ii. 291. Shafts, analysis of, i. 84; vaulting shafts, i. 145; ornamentation of, i. 300; twisted, by what laws regulated, i. 303; strength of, i. 402; laws by which they are regulated in encrusted style, ii. 82. Shields, use of, on tombs, ii. 224, iii. 87. Shipping, use of, in ornamentation, i. 215. Shops in Venice, ii. 65. Sight, how opposed to thought, iii. 39. Simplicity of life in thirteenth century, ii. 263. Sin, how symbolized in Grotesque art, iii. 141. Slavery of Greeks and Egyptians, ii. 158; of English workmen, ii. 162, 163. Society, unhealthy state of, in modern times, ii. 163. Sorrow, how sinful, ii. 325; how symbolized, ii. 347. Soul, its development in art, iii. 173, 188; its connection with the body, i. 41, 395. Spandrils, structure of, i. 146; decoration of, i. 297.