We might reasonably expect that where we find the remains of fossil coniferous trees, we should also meet with the cones or fruit which they bear. And such is the case. In some coal-districts fossil fruits, named _cardiocarpum_ and _trigonocarpum_, have been found in great quantities, and these have now been decided by botanists to be the fruits of certain conifers, allied, not to those which bear hard cones, but to those which bear solitary fleshy fruits. Sir Charles Lyell referred them to a Chinese genus of the yew tribe called _salisburia_. Dawson states that they are very similar to both _taxus_ and _salisburia._. They are abundant in some coal-measures, and are contained, not only in the coal itself, but also in the sandstones and shales. The under-clays appear to be devoid of them, and this is, of course, exactly what might have been expected, since the seeds would remain upon the soil until covered up by vegetable matter, but would never form part of the clay soil itself. In connection with the varieties which have been distinguished in the families of the conifers, calamites, and sigillariae, Sir William Dawson makes the following observations: "I believe that there was a considerably wide range of organisation in _cordaitinae_ as well as in _calamites_ and _sigillariae_, and that it will eventually be found that there were three lines of connection between the higher cryptogams (flowerless) and the phaenogams (flowering), one leading from the lycopodes by the _sigillariae_, another leading by the _cordaites_, and the third leading from the _equisetums_ by the _calamites_. Still further back the characters, afterwards separated in the club-mosses, mare's-tails, and ferns, were united in the _rhizocarps_, or, as some prefer to call them, the heterosporous _filicinae_."