[60] In the illustrations on p. 38 and p. 107 is shown the gallows erected where now stands the franciscan basilica, but it is unlikely that the property of a private individual should have been used for such a purpose, and Collis Inferni may simply have meant the spur of hill beneath the upper portion of Assisi upon which the castle stood. [61] See Vasari, _Life of Arnolfo di Lapo_. [62] It would be a thankless task to follow the bewildering maze of contradictory evidence which has enveloped the question as to who built San Francesco. Those who are eager to do so, however, can consult Henry Thode's exhaustive work, _Franz von Assisi_ (beginning p. 187), which deals most thoroughly with the subject. Leader Scott also, in her learned book upon _The Cathedral Builders_, gives some ingenious theories with regard to "Jacopo" and his supposed relationship with Arnolfo, p. 315-316. Another book is _I Maestri Comacini_, by Professore Marzario, whose statements about "Jacopo's" nationality are interesting and probable. But, following Vasari a little too blindly, he gives us the startling fact that "Jacopo" died in 1310, this, even supposing him to have been only twenty-five when he was at Assisi as chief architect, would make him one hundred and fifteen years of age at the time of his death. [63] _L'Architecture Gothique_ par M. Edouard Corroyer. See pp. 96 and 105. [64] _Speculum Perfectionis._ Edited by Paul Sabatier, cap. x. [65] For the Latin text see p. c. of M. Paul Sabatier's introduction to his edition of the _Speculum Perfectionis_. [66] Giovanni Parenti, who does not stand out very clearly in the history of the Order, was a Florentine magistrate of Città di Castello, one of the first towns to feel the influence of St. Francis. There he heard of the new movement which so rapidly was spreading throughout Western Europe, and, together with many of the citizens, became converted through the teaching of the Umbrian saint. [67] It is impossible in this small book to give any idea of the various influences at work upon the young franciscan order during the life of the saint. I can only refer my readers to the charming pages of M. Paul Sabatier, who gives us a vivid picture of these early days in _La Vie de Saint François_, and in his introduction to the _Speculum Perfectionis_. CHAPTER V _Cimabue and his School at San Francesco_ "Il semble au premier coup d'oeil que le rève de François d'Assise a dû amener la fin de tout l'art et de toute noble vie. Chose étrange! ce sordide mendiant fut le père de l'art italien."--E. RENAN. _Nouvelles Études d'Histoire Religieuse._ THE LOWER CHURCH