The origin of the Commune of London has always been an exceedingly obscure problem, but Mr. Round has succeeded in throwing a flood of light upon the subject. In the twelfth century there was a great municipal movement over Europe. Londoners were well informed as to what was going on abroad, and thoroughly dissatisfied with the existing organisation they waited and were constantly looking for an opportunity of obtaining the privileges of the Commune. Mr. Round points out that 'even so early as 1141, when the fortunes of the Crown hung in the balance between rival claimants, we find the citizens forming an effective _Conjuratio_, the very term applied to their "Commune" half a century later by Richard of Devizes. Moreover, earlier in the same year (April), William of Malmesbury applies to their government the term _Communio_.[206] Miss Mary Bateson has gone to the manuscript from which Mr. Round obtained the Oath of Commune (B.M. Add. MS., 14,252), and her conclusion after consideration is that 'the collection as a whole leaves the impression that "Communio quam vocant Londoniarum" (1141), as it is styled by William of Malmesbury, was not merely a unit in the eyes of the Exchequer, that the jurisdictional unity of the city organised in folkmoot and husting gave something substantial whereon the foundations of mayoralty and Commune could be laid.'[207] Mr. Round writes: 'The assumption that the mayoralty of London dates from the accession of Richard I. (1189) is an absolute perversion of history,' and he adds that 'there is record evidence which completely confirms the remarkable words of Richard of Devizes, who declares that on no terms whatever would King Richard or his father have ever assented to the establishment of the _Communa_ in London.'[208] In October 1191 the conflict between John, the King's brother, and Longchamp, the King's representative, became acute. William of Longchamp, Bishop of Ely (1189) and Chancellor to Richard I., was once described by Henry II. as the 'son of two traitors.' When Richard called a Council in Normandy in February 1190 Longchamp hurried over to the King in advance of his enemies and returned to England as sole justiciar. The Pope also made him Legate. Longchamp bitterly offended the Londoners who, finding that they could turn the scales to either side, named the Commune as the price of their support of John.