Shipbuilding still continued to proceed with unabated vigour along the
coasts of Holland and of Northern France. Three-deckers, gay with new
paint, left the slips and took their first plunge into sea-water. In
the Texel, and at Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon, squadrons came into
being, but, like unfledged birds in a cage, they had little opportunity
to try their wings. The men on England’s floating bulwarks saw to that,
watching every movement. When the various blockading squadrons had to
vacate their station, as occasionally happened, the frigates, “the eyes
of the fleet,” as Nelson happily termed them, were usually present,
although he complained that he had far too few of these useful vessels
at his disposal.
Napoleon never thoroughly understood the difficulties of naval
warfare. He was disposed to think that a naval squadron could carry
out a manœuvre with the almost mathematical exactness of a regiment.
Tides and wind meant little or nothing to him; Sir Neil Campbell, the
Commissioner at Elba for Great Britain during Napoleon’s short-lived
rule of that island, perceived and noted this in his diary. And yet it
must be conceded that the strategy which the Emperor had been secretly
conceiving for the concentration of his scattered fleets was as clever
as it was bold. “The wet ditch that lay around England” was not to be
crossed by the flotilla alone; he had long since abandoned that plan
as impracticable. The navy proper was to have a share in the downfall
of the United Kingdom. By feints in directions calculated to deceive
the enemy as to his real designs he hoped to assemble sufficient ships
to command the Channel, if only for a few days. This would enable him
to slip across with his army, although how he proposed to get out of
England is not quite clear. A sufficient military force was to be left
in France to provide for the possibility that other enemies might take
advantage of so favourable an opportunity to cross the French frontiers.
Napoleon’s general design was changed again and again as circumstances
dictated, and twice an attempt was made to rally the naval forces.
Suffice it to say that Missiessy with the Rochefort squadron eluded the
English fleets and reached the West Indies, where he was to be joined
by Villeneuve, his colleague at Toulon, the idea being that while the
British were chasing them the ships at Brest under Ganteaume should
land a force in Ireland and afterwards return to convoy the flotilla.
Villeneuve, owing to stress of weather, was forced to return to port,
Ganteaume being hemmed in by Cornwallis, a hero who has not had full
justice done to him, largely because the naval annals of the time are
dominated so completely by Nelson. Even the latter was deceived when
he found Toulon empty, and he chased an entirely spectral fleet in the
direction of Egypt, sufficient proof of the cleverness of Napoleon’s
elusive plan.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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