1812. =Fanny Persiani= (Rome). Was yet another singer of Rossinian opera. She was a fine actress as well as a vocalist, and commanded universal admiration. 1813. =Enrico Petrella= (Palermo). Produced an Italian opera practically every year for many years. This composer has been dead for nearly thirty years, and his operas seem to have shared the same fate. 1813. =Richard Wagner= (Leipsic), 1813-83. The names and dates of Wagner’s chief operas are:—_Rienzi_ (Dresden) 1842; _The Flying Dutchman_ (Dresden) 1843; _Tannhäuser_ (Dresden) 1845; _Lohengrin_ (Weimar) 1850; The Ring:—(1) _Rheingold_ (Munich) 1859; (2) _Die Walküre_ (Munich) 1870; (3) _Siegfried_ (Bayreuth) 1876; (4) _Gotterdämmerung_, (Bayreuth) 1876; _Tristan und Isolde_ (Munich) 1865; _Die Meistersinger_ (Munich) 1868; _Parsifal_ (Bayreuth), 1882. 1813. =Giuseppe Verdi= (Roncole) 1813-1901. Verdi’s operas are very numerous: these may perhaps be specially mentioned:—_I Lombardi_, 1843; _Ernani_, 1844; _Rigoletto_, 1851; _Il Trovatore_, 1853; _La Traviata_, 1853; _Un Ballo in Maschera_, 1857; _Aïda_, 1871; _Otello_, 1887; _Falstaff_, 1893. 1813. =A. S. Dargomizhsky= (Toula). Is of considerable importance in the development of national Russian opera; of his works we may mention _The Roussalka_ (1856) and _The Stone Guest_, only performed three years after his death, in 1872. 1813. =G. A. Macfarren= (London). So well known as a theorist; essayed many operas, of which _Robin Hood_ was the most successful. Other of his works are _The Devil’s Opera_ and _Helvellyn_. 1813. =E. J. Loder= (Bath). Was an English writer of operas, the best of which is the _Night Dancers_ (1846). 1814. =Emma Albertazzi= (London). An English prima donna who married an Italian. She sang in all the chief houses of opera, but was a poor and indifferent actress. 1814. =W. V. Wallace= (Waterford). Is known to all by his tuneful, if ordinary, _Maritana_. He wrote better works, and his _Lurline_ may be mentioned. 1815. =G. Hippolyte Roger= (Saint-Denis). Was a great French tenor, for whom Ambroise Thomas, Auber, Clapesson and others wrote operas. He unfortunately lost an arm, and had to give up the stage. 1817. =Carlo Pedrotti= (Verona). Wrote Italian operas, of which mention may be made of _Tutti in Maschera_ and _Il Favorito_. 1817. =Aimé Maillart= (Montpellier). Won the Grand Prix de Rome, and wrote operas which had some measure of success. 1817. =Francesco Lamperti= (Savona). A great teacher of singing, whose pupils include Albani, Mariani, and Shakespeare.