1818. =C. F. Gounod= (Paris), 1818-93. Besides the evergreen _Faust_ (1859), Gounod’s other successes include _The Mock Doctor_, _Philémon and Baucis_, _Mireille_, and _Romeo and Juliet_, all of which are often heard. 1818. =J. Sims Reeves= (Woolwich). In his palmy days was often heard in opera, the tenor parts of many melodious operas in favour at the time exactly suiting his methods and style. 1818. =A. N. Serov= (Petersburg). Serov was a Russian composer who admired and followed Wagner; his works have their place in the annals of opera in his country. 1819. =Jacques Offenbach= (Cologne). A prolific composer of some seventy specimens of opera bouffe and operetta; in light works such as these he achieved almost unexampled success, and enjoyed immense popularity. 1820. =Jenny Lind= (Stockholm). This name is fresh in the memory of all, although its gifted possessor went the way of all flesh some thirty years ago. As a singer she commanded universal admiration, while as a woman she was looked up to and respected by all. Her triumphs in operatic soprano parts were such as to be seldom equalled. 1820. =Franz von Suppé= (Spalato). Was the German equivalent of Offenbach—a prolific writer of comic opera. 1821. =C. A. F. Echert= (Potsdam). Wrote an opera at the age of ten, and others at a later date. He won more fame, however, as a conductor, holding important posts in this capacity at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin. 1821. =M. F. P. Viardot-Garcia= (Paris). A young sister of Malibran, attained considerable celebrity as a singer and actress; she appeared not only in works of the Rossini school, but in the operas of Meyerbeer, Gluck, and others. 1821. =Italo Gardoni= (Parma). Was a tenor singer of repute, who to a considerable extent took the place of Mario; he sang frequently in London. 1822. =Apolloni.= Was an Italian composer who wrote operas upon the early Verdi model, achieving one great success in _L’Ebreo_. 1822. =Luigi Arditi= (Crescentino). Although he composed a few operas, is more widely remembered as a conductor, he having wielded the bâton during many operatic seasons both in England and abroad. 1822. =César Franck= (Liége). His merits seem only now beginning to be recognized as a composer; wrote a small number of operas, of which the music appears to have been heard only in the concert room.